Virology 468, 421443 (2014). Phage genomes are mosaic, but not all genes in a given genome participate in mosaicism to the same degree. 5, 105110 (2014). T phages - Oxford Reference Correspondence to Open Access PLoS Genet. WebEnterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli. 79, 1496714970 (2005). The site is secure. PLoS Genet. 1, 2, 3. Enterobacteria Phage T2 Biol. Viruses 9, 70 (2017). Natl Acad. mBio 7, 121 (2016). Chipman, P. R., Agbandje-McKenna, M., Renaudin, J., Baker, T. S. & McKenna, R. Structural analysis of the Spiroplasma virus, SpV4: implications for evolutionary variation to obtain host diversity among the Microviridae. Characterization of virus-like particles associated with the human faecal and caecal microbiota. In many cases, the modules that are being exchanged correspond to single genes (Fig. 29, 644651 (2001). There are essentially three types of populations available for study. Sequencing and analysis of the prolate-headed lactococcal bacteriophage c2 genome and identification of the structural genes. Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non-host-derived immunity. It is in the genus Tequatrovirus, and the family Myoviridae. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). The capsid of a bacteriophage can be icosahedral, filamentous, or The examples of genome and chromosome number have been selected to allow points of interest to be raised Paris japonica Largest Known Genome Cardarelli, L. et al. 13, 147159 (2015). First, there are examples of short conserved sequences at gene boundaries that could serve to target homologous recombination to these positions [27,28]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Friedman SD, Genthner FJ, Gentry J, Sobsey MD, Vinje J. Gene mapping and phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome from 30 single-stranded RNA male-specific coliphages (family Leviviridae). The current state of bacteriophage genomics shows that the genetic diversity of the population is very high, that phages have been actively evolving for billions of years with active engagement of horizontal genetic exchange, and that their genomes are consequently pervasively mosaic in their architectures. Marston, M. F. & Martiny, J. New phages are assembled within the cell until the cellular membrane lyses (splits open). This study presents a large-scale bioinformatic analysis of evolutionary relationships and the rate of HGT in a dataset of more than 2,300 phages. But we have barely scratched the surface and the next years of phage genome exploration promise to be especially revealing. Abrescia, N. G. et al. Miller ES, Kutter E, Mosig G, Arisaka F, Kunisawa T, Ruger W. Bacteriophage T4 genome. Biol. & Bamford, D. H. Nucleic and amino acid sequences support structure-based viral classification. Sequencing genomes of the viral fraction in a sample. T2 is a 'tailed phage', [1] one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects Escherichia coli bacteria. Open Access Valegard, K., Liljas, L., Fridborg, K. & Unge, T. The three-dimensional structure of the bacterial virus MS2. Enterobacteria Phage T2 The phage is covered by a protective protein coat. 11, e1001667 (2013). 185, 62206223 (2003). Bacteriophages A large variation in capsid size can be observed among members of the Caudovirales, with diameters ranging from 45 to 185 nm, which is usually linked to genome size 18. Peralta, B. et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 80, 26482655 (2014). Capsids and genomes of jumbo-sized bacteriophages reveal the evolutionary reach of the HK97 fold. Nat. Effect of phage vB_EcoM_FJ1 on the reduction of ETEC O9:H9 infection in a neonatal pig cell line, Rhizosphere phage communities drive soil suppressiveness to bacterial wilt disease, Genomic diversity and ecological distribution of marine Pseudoalteromonas phages, Abundant and cosmopolitan lineage of cyanopodoviruses lacking a DNA polymerase gene, Unexplored diversity and ecological functions of transposable phages, Characterization and genome analysis of a novel phage Kayfunavirus TM1. Structure of the bacteriophage 6 nucleocapsid suggests a mechanism for sequential RNA packaging. Microbiol. Novick RP, Christie GE, Penades JR. Nat Rev Microbiol 18, 125138 (2020). The RBP structure of the temperate phage TP901-1. Furthermore, the recombinant phage bacterial lytic Krupovic, M. & ICTV Report Consortium. J. Virol. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Sci. A likely major contributor is illegitimate recombination, or recombination between short conserved sequences (a few bases), coupled with functional selection of genes [30]. T2 is a 'tailed phage', [1] one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'. Evidence for the exchange of segments between genomes during the evolution of lambdoid bacteriophages. holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Bacteriophages and is a member of the PROTEO and Op+Lait FRQNT Networks. Its genome consists of linear double-stranded DNA, with repeats at either end. IB Biology 3.2 chromosomes Suttle CA. Enterobacteria Phage T2 The authors declare no competing interests. 157, 20352046 (2012). Proc. CAS Highton, P. J., Chang, Y. Escherichia Coli 5 million b.p. Several types of recombination events are postulated to contribute to this. Flix dHrelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses: PubMed Phage All Rights Reserved. Bacteriophages 299, 2751 (2000). USA 116, 5493 (2019). Phage This study shows that phage evolutionary relationships are better represented with a reticulate network because mosaicism leads to phages belonging to multiple groups. PubMed (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2023. Lebedev, A. Nature 466, 334338 (2010). Phage genome size varies enormously, ranging from the ~3,300 nucleotide ssRNA viruses of Escherichia coli [16] to the almost 500 kbp genome of Bacillus megaterium phage G (our unpublished data). Biol. 1, 2, 3. in Enterobacteria Phage T2 Hendrix, R. W., Hatfull, G. F. & Smith, M. C. M. Bacteriophages with tails: chasing their origins and evolution. Article Viruses 10, 404 (2018). Microbiol. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. PubMed Evol. Mechanism of membranous tunnelling nanotube formation in viral genome delivery. It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. Commun. & Gao, M. Jumbo bacteriophages: an overview. The global virome: not as big as we thought? The functions of most of these genes are not known but are predicted to be involved in tail assembly. Enterobacteria phage T2 is a virus that infects and kills E. coli. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The human gut virome: inter-individual variation and dynamic response to diet. Microbiol. 01 February 2023, Marine Life Science & Technology Simmonds, P. et al. WebThe long tail fiber genes (genes 37 and 38) from the genome of T2 were replaced with those of the IP008 phage by homologous recombination. Because virion infectivity is influenced by the amount of DNA packaged within any given capsid either too little or too much leads to loss of virion stability there are evolutionary pressures to either gain or lose DNA to accommodate packaging and virion stability. J. Mol. Williamson, K. E., Radosevich, M. & Wommack, K. E. Abundance and diversity of viruses in six Delaware soils. T2 phage had very high genomic sequence similarity to SV76 (99.99% identity), so we performed host range analysis of T2 with the same bacteria strains to see whether the genomic similarity translated to host range phenotypic similarity. However, some caution is warranted in interpreting this, because the natural or preferred host the one the virus was associated with in its most recent ecological and evolutionary past may not be the same as the host used for its isolation. Reproducible protocols for metagenomic analysis of human faecal phageomes. Opin. 32, 717726 (1979). eLife 4, e06416 (2015). Recent advances in viral metagenomics have enabled the rapid discovery of an unprecedented catalogue of phages in numerous environments, from the human gut to the deep ocean. Science 348, 1261498 (2015). At the time of writing the total number of unique sequenced bacteriophage genomes is about 750. Single-virus genomics reveals hidden cosmopolitan and abundant viruses. Evol. Sci. Bacteriophage Virol. Proc. (ed.) Article WebEnterobacteria Phage T2 As the T2 bacteriophage consists of only two components, they selectively labelled the DNA with radioactive 32P, and (in a separate batch) the proteins with 35S. The T2 39 gene, along with the 52 gene, encode the smallest topo II. From: Enterobacteria phage T2 4, 18951906 (2019). Leplae R, Lima-Mendez G, Toussaint A. ACLAME: a CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements, update 2010. WebThe T-even phages, T2, T4, and T6, were used as model systems for the study of virus multiplication. It is in the genus Tequatrovirus, and the family Myoviridae. A quasi-atomic model of human adenovirus type 5 capsid. The phage is covered by a protective protein coat. mBio 8, 115 (2017). Hendrix RW, Smith MC, Burns RN, Ford ME, Hatfull GF. Microbiol. In 1952 Alfred Day Hershey and Martha Chase used the T2 bacteriophage in a famous experiment in which they demonstrated that only the nucleic acids of phage molecules were required for their replication within bacteria. Microbiol. Roux, S. et al. Article 15, 161168 (2017). vConTACT: an iVirus tool to classify double-stranded DNA viruses that infect archaea and bacteria. Patterns and ecological drivers of ocean viral communities. A 3D conformation termed after the capsid protein structure of phage HK97. Proc. Sci. Microbiol. Casjens, S. R. The DNA-packaging nanomotor of tailed bacteriophages. Zhao, Y. et al. Nat. 4, 13291340 (1990). Hatfull GF, Jacobs-Sera D, Lawrence JG, Pope WH, Russell DA, Ko CC, Weber RJ, Patel MC, Germane KL, Edgar RH, et al. Marine viruses--major players in the global ecosystem. Environ. Nature 437, 356361 (2005). Overall, phage genomes represent only about 15% of all viruses with known unique sequences and are thus vastly under-represented in the genome databases. Modular architecture of the T4 phage superfamily: a conserved core genome and a plastic periphery. 184, 45294535 (2002). Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterobacteria_phage_T2&oldid=1118782073, Articles needing additional references from April 2010, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 21:29. Mol. Structure 14, 10391048 (2006). Ackermann, H.-W. Bacteriophage electron microscopy. Appelt, S. et al. 3 E Curr. Hendrix, R. W., Smith, M. C. M., Burns, R. N., Ford, M. E. & Hatfull, G. F. Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: all the worlds a phage. Candidate receptors fadL ::Tn ( A = 2.60) and ompF ::Tn ( A = 2.53) were identified ( Fig. Xu, J., Dayan, N., Goldbourt, A. Accessibility Thingstad, T. F., Vage, S., Storesund, J. E., Sandaa, R.-A. Dutilh, B. E. et al. WebT2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. Curr. Chem. Mosaicism is of course not confined to phage genomes as bacteria also acquire DNA by horizontal genetic transfer; but the extent appears to be much greater in bacteriophage evolution. Mosig G, Eiserling FA. Environ. A shape of the phage capsid, which consists of many polygonal faces and is most commonly found as an icosahedron (polyhedron with20 faces). eLife 3, e03125 (2014). WebT2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. Sci. Appl. Ocean plankton. Commun. Megaphages infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes. The observation that different regions (genes and gene blocks) of the phage genomes have distinct evolutionary histories, owing to horizontal gene transfer events. Not surprisingly, there are many different host-mediated protection systems such as restriction-modification [38], CRISPRs [39], tRNA cleavage [40], and Toxin-Antitoxin systems [41], as well as phage-encoded mechanisms for generating genome diversity at high frequency [42]. Additional plausible mechanisms are by transposition, site-specific recombination, and homing endonucleases and while all these contribute they are likely also minor components. Mol. Exploring the mycobacteriophage metaproteome: phage genomics as an educational platform. Proc. phage Enterobacteria phage T2 Biol. Fabry, C. M. S. et al. WebThe phage T2 screen (Fig. & Giske, J. It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. 69, 110123 (2019). Curr. Phages not only carry genes that counteract host protection systems such as anti-restriction [43], and RNA repair enzymes [44], but also can provide genes that offer protection from other viruses. Bobay, L., Touchon, M. & Rocha, E. P. C. Manipulating or superseding host recombination functions: a dilemma that shapes phage evolvability. It is in the genus Tequatrovirus, and the family Myoviridae. Internet Explorer). WebT2 phage Genome size: 170,000 bp Common name: virus Escherichia coli Genome size: 4.6 million bp Common name: Bacteria Drosophila melanogaster Genome size: 130 million bp Common name: Fruit fly Homo sapiens Genome size: 3.2 billion bp Common name: Human Paris japonica Genome size: 150 billion bp Common name: canopy plant Students also viewed See Chronology, 1949, Hershey and Rotman; 1961, Rubinstein, Thomas, and Hershey; Genome Sizes and Gene Numbers; bacteriophages, cyclically permuted sequences, rII, triplet code T4 RNA ligase, T7 RNA polymerase, virus. Marvin, D. A. Filamentous phage structure, infection and assembly. Variability in shapes and sizes for phages. Szymczak, P., Janzen, T., Neves, R. & Kot, W. Novel variants of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages are indicative of genetic recombination among phages from different bacterial species. Interestingly, the same region in Rosebush is from that in Qyrzula (Fig. Adv. Lubbers MW, Waterfield NR, Beresford TP, Le Page RW, Jarvis AW. Commun. Genomic sequences of bacteriophages HK97 and HK022: pervasive genetic mosaicism in the lambdoid bacteriophages. Icosahedral bacteriophage X174 forms a tail for DNA transport during infection. USA 113, 201601060 (2016).This study identifies 44 phage groups in the gut microbiota, nine of which are shared across more than one-half of individuals and are proposed to be part of a healthy gut phageome. Krupovi, M. & Bamford, D. H. Virus evolution: how far does the double -barrel viral lineage extend? Leiman, P. G., Chipman, P. R., Kostyuchenko, V. A., Mesyanzhinov, V. V. & Rossmann, M. G. Three-dimensional rearrangement of proteins in the tail of bacteriophage T4 on infection of its host. Luo, E., Aylward, F. O., Mende, D. R. & DeLong, E. F. Bacteriophage distributions and temporal variability in the oceans interior. mBio 7, e01781e01815 (2016). WebThe T-even viruses (T2, T4, and T6) have heads 80 110 nm, while the T-odd phages (T1, T3, T5, and T7) have isometric heads about 60 nm in diameter. ISME J. Genomic differentiation among wild cyanophages despite widespread horizontal gene transfer. 62, 121126 (2014). Their average size is substantially less than that of core genes, often by nearly a factor of two, and it has been suggested that they may correspond to individual functional protein domains [35,36]. Biol. mBio 5, 18 (2014). WebGenome size can vary greatly between organisms and is not a valid indicator of genetic complexity. Diemer, G. S. & Stedman, K. M. A novel virus genome discovered in an extreme environment suggests recombination between unrelated groups of RNA and DNA viruses. Oceanogr. Mycoplasma phage P1 [17]], ~21kbp [e.g. 8, 112 (2017). A large variation in capsid size can be observed among members of the Caudovirales, with diameters ranging from 45 to 185 nm, which is usually linked to genome size 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0311-5. Cell 118, 419429 (2004). WebThe T-even viruses (T2, T4, and T6) have heads 80 110 nm, while the T-odd phages (T1, T3, T5, and T7) have isometric heads about 60 nm in diameter. Overall, phage genomes represent only about 15% of all viruses with known unique sequences and are thus vastly under-represented in the genome databases. Nature 505, 432435 (2014). Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Nature 474, 604608 (2011). Reyes, A. et al. Cell 98, 825833 (1999). Lang AS, Beatty JT. WebHowever, some DNA phages such as T4 may have large genomes with hundreds of genes; the size and shape of the capsid varies along with the size of the genome. WebThe phage T2 screen (Fig. T2 phage Proc. Krupovic, M., Prangishvili, D., Hendrix, R. W. & Bamford, D. H. Genomics of bacterial and archaeal viruses: dynamics within the Prokaryotic virosphere. Perhaps the most striking feature emerging from phage genome comparative analyses is that they are pervasively mosaic with different segments having distinct evolutionary histories [23]. Although most known phages harbour genomes that are shorter than 200 kb packaged into capsids with a diameter under 100 , more and more extremely large phages are being discovered. Science 348, 1261447 (2015). Shkoporov, A. N. et al. Nat. Viruses in a 14th-century coprolite. Creasy, A., Rosario, K., Leigh, B. Bacteriophage Microbiol. T2 phage had very high genomic sequence similarity to SV76 (99.99% identity), so we performed host range analysis of T2 with the same bacteria strains to see whether the genomic similarity translated to host range phenotypic similarity. We predict that many more phage genes participate in these dances for survival, but that answers to these questions will await further dissection of bacteriophages genomes and their biology. WebThe long tail fiber genes (genes 37 and 38) from the genome of T2 were replaced with those of the IP008 phage by homologous recombination.