In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. Dysfunctional Family: Meaning, Examples & Facts I StudySmarter How could the researchers modify their study to deal with this problem? Q&A from AQA: 16 Mark Questions for Psychological Treatments - tutor2u If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). delusions. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Book now . During CBT, the therapist lets the patient develop their own alternatives to previous maladaptive beliefs, ideally by looking for alternative explanations and coping strategies that are already present in the patients mind. Family therapy is a form of therapy carried out with members of the family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family. Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Describe and evaluate family dysfunction as an explanation for A study by Anderson et al. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). Tokens are secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers), for example food, being allowed to watch a film, and so on. For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. Boston Spa, It is not a cure. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Response. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. This is not the case with schizophrenia: The causes may be one of biological or psychological or both. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. LS23 6AD Another family variable associated with schizophrenia is a negative emotional climate, or more generally a high degree of expressed emotion (EE). However, the newer antipsychotic drugs affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate as well as dopamine. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. Boston House, Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. It is not clear which comes first. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. The validity of schizophrenia as a single disorder is questioned by many. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Once the patient has had several sessions (often between 5 and 20), they should be able to recognise the fact that their beliefs are not based on reality. a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. West Yorkshire, amphetamines) can produce-schizophrenia like symptoms in non-sufferers. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. ), empirical (where is the evidence?) b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. Evaluation of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia - Stuvia Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. . Avolition: Lack of volition (i.e. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . Boston Spa, The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Patients went from performing 5 chores a day to around 40. Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. The Genome Project has increased understanding of the complexity of the gene. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. That said, please be assured that question paper development involves a rigorous and robust process during which experienced colleagues determine whether or not, for any specific content, within a . Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. Benzel et al. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. they said an event was real but it was in their head. These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) This supports a genetic link. The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. VAT reg no 816865400. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Family dysfunction refers to the workings of dysfunctional families, and the effects of being brought up in one, contributing to schizophrenia. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. C: Consequences what impact does that have on your relationships with others? Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. This requires honesty, patience and unconditional acceptance. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. 214 High Street,