The next month, he announced that in the interest of national unity and economic development, TANU had decided that Tanganyika would now be a one-party state. Although TANU was the only legal party, voters in each constituency were often offered a choice between more than one TANU candidate in parliamentary elections. Following the example of the British to the north, the Germans obtained a lease on the coastal strip from the sultan in 1888, but their tactlessness and fear of commercial competition led to a Muslim uprising in August 1888. In 1964, after the Zanzibar Revolution which saw the Arab rule of Zanzibar overthrown, Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to become the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which later became known as the United Republic of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. 1996 Social Justice/Global Options As Sir Donald Cameron, governor of Tanganyika, wrote soon after arriving at his post, "It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the . entity. But there was another possibility, and this was an alliance with the educated, in some suitable institutional form. Almost at once came a reaction to German methods of administration, the outbreak of the Maji Maji uprising in 1905. They then started building houses and providing social services like health and education to their employees. The proper British colonial administration did not start until 1895 when the Protectorate was declared over the country by the British Government. [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. They were allowed to vote for their representatives in the chambers of deputies. He attempted to silence the criticisms by Europeans that had been leveled against his predecessor by urging the creation of a Legislative Council in 1926 with a reasonable number of nonofficial members, both European and Asian. Likewise, the Germans in Tanganyika used direct rule as their system of administration. On the surface, the mandate was clearly intended to be temporaryfor peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world1and the country was to be developed and governed in the interests of its African inhabitants. Most of Senegalese were Muslims and it was not easy for them to be converted to Christians. What is the meaning of direct and indirect rule? xiixiii). Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Tanganyika from 192531, has reflected on his policy of indirect rule as a practical way to "administer the people through the instrument of their own indigenous institutions." The plan, which was to be financed by the British government, was to cost 25 million, and, in addition, a further 4.5 million would be required for the construction of a railway in southern Tanganyika. Indirect rule is a weaker form of government, because it allows some of the local people under appointment to make decisions regarding the codification of the law. intensified during the British rule (Conte, 1996). Then, the deputy undersecretary to the Colonial Secretary proposed "Tanganyika Protectorate" after Lake Tanganyika; the name was modified after a "junior official suggested that 'Territory' was more in accordance with the [League of Nations mandate]" and that was adopted. ee7a8f1c-34f7-4d3b-a552-c53d53207d76 by elimu used under CC_BY-SA, Bismarck by britannica.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, Trading_route_sahara by teachersites.schoolworld.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, trading_routes by treeofed.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, explorers by schools-wikipedia.org & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, missionaries by legendsofamerica.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, traders by africahunting.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, british_money by kaiserscross.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, british_rule_in_kenya by brickproject.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, colonial_rule_in_africa by knr.kingdomnubia.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, british_rule_in_kenya_1 by brickproject.com & eLimu used under CC_BY-SA, British by unknown used under CC_BY-SA, SST.5c.14 by Unknown used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, SST.5c.20 by Unknown used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Reasons for Introducing Indirect Rule in Nigeria. This would have undermined the entire basis of Tanganyika independence. after 26 years of direct rule from the central government (Laffin and Thomas, 1999). Who is the father of indirect rule? Various names were considered, including "Smutsland" in honour of General Jan Smuts (denied for being "inelegant"), "Eburnea," "New Maryland," "Windsorland" after the British Royal Family's new family name, and "Victoria" after both the Lake and the Queen. In 1896 work began on the construction of a railway running northeastward from Tanga to Moshi, which it reached in 1912. This created the shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. Archaeological evidence attests to a long history of settlement in the area; by the 10th century ce, it was inhabited by Asian and Arab traders and Bantu-speaking peoples. Those who refused to grow crops were beaten and mistreated. Improved quality of life for citizens: Ultimately, the potential advantages of a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar could lead to improved quality of life for the people of both countries. Tanganyika Under German Rule 1905-1912 - January 1969. Another major change, which was the direct result of the war, was the United Nations Trusteeship to replace the former League Mandate. [14] TANU gained most of its political support through national issues. A Governor One of the features of Indirect Rule was the position of a Governor. [4], In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists travelled through the African interior from Zanzibar. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Stoecker 1987 represents the former GDR school of studying German imperialism. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. The following year it was granted internal self-government and fresh elections were held. Cultivation of several profitable cash crops such as cotton, sisal, coco and coffee were important to developing the colony as these resources were used for German consumers and industry. system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. Africans provided free forced labour on settler farms. Under the terms of the trusteeship agreement, Britain was called upon to develop the political life of the territory, which, however, only gradually began to take shape in the 1950s. Under the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920), Britain received a League of Nations mandate to administer the territory except for Ruanda-Urundi, which came under Belgian administration, and the Kionga triangle, which went to Portugal (see Quionga). Large pieces of African land were taken by foreign companies who then exploited minerals and tree products and sold them at a profit to European countries. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. This changing outlook constitutes in my view one of the major problems of Africa today. They were allowed to vote and to elect one Deputy (similar to a Member of Parliament) to the National Assembly in Paris. The major types of colonial administrative systems were direct and indirect rule, assimilation and association policy. Recognizing the administrative inability of the German East Africa Company, which had theretofore ruled the country, the German government in 1891 declared a protectorate over its sphere of influence and over the coastal strip, where the company had bought out the sultans rights. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule? Assimilation failed mainly because of the following reasons: Africans who lived in the communes were treated like citizens of France. The British advance into German territory continued steadily from 1916 until the whole country was eventually occupied. A protectorate is a territory that has its own government but is controlled by a foreign power. [10] In 1963, TANU opened its doors to all members of society within Tanganyika, whereas it had previously only been open to Africans.[11]. All work unless implicitly stated is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. British officials like Cameron, Mitchell, and Bagshawe devoted inordinate efforts to translating the theory of indirect rule into practice. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. a) Colonial rule brought an end to slave trade. The search by British administrators for the legitimate chief was often fruitless; or if such a person was found, he might be uneducated and opposed to much of what they were trying to implement; in such cases the British found ways of amalgamating the chieftainships, or they simply deposed the legitimate rulers and replaced them with nominees of their own, preferably young, educated, and easy to influence. Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 to 1961. It was, however, to be twenty years before the possibilities, opened up by this alliance, were recognized. Similarly, liberal labour legislation had not been properly implemented. Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. In 1890, the Germans and the British met and drew up the boundaries between the British areas and the German Territory of Tanganyika. The government also supplied good-quality cottonseed free to African growers and sold it cheaply to European planters. RELATED POSTS. In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as Tanganyika. the name given to the system of governing Northern Ireland during the suspension of the Stormont Parliament from March 1972 until 1999. Then enter the name part Social Justice They felt that to be more developed; they wanted to protect the rest of the world from harmful practices. During German rule in Tanganyika they used direct rule system thus faced a lot of resistances from Tanganyika societies such as Hehe resistance, Yao and Chagga resistance. England, the major partner, has never had self-government and, just like Tanganyika (whose name has been superseded by Tanzania with the addition of the qualifier mainland under the present government system) its affairs are governed by the union government. It was applied in Namibia, Tanganyika, Togo etc. He wrote that the locals were not sure about its meaning and conjectured that it meant something like "the great lake spreading out like a plain", or "plain-like lake". (Lugard, 4th edn. In 1893 there was only one Sisal plantation in the country, by 1913 there were 54. The Africans in Mozambique protested against the Portuguese. They wanted to make Africans one of their overseas provinces. The following year a presidential election was held, with TANU leader Julius Nyerere emerging victorious. Uganda, Cameroon, and Tanganyika ? The most important of which was the Central Line or Mittellandbahn, which connected much of the country towards the port city of Dar es Salam. German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. "Kilimanjaro", analogous to "Kenya," named after the country's highest mountain, and "Tabora", after the town and trading centre near the geographical centre of the country, were proposed and rejected. Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. When the Portuguese acquired Mozambique during the Berlin Conference, they treated it as an extension or extra province of Portugal. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. The Germans brutally repressed the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905. In the 1920s and early 1930s there were British politicians and officials who argued that this could be achieved through co-operatives, which they saw as a logical extension of indirect rule. Preservation of traditional institutions. In the main coastal towns, there was an Arab governor called a Liwali. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. [5][6][pageneeded]. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. [17], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}6S 35E / 6S 35E / -6; 35, League of Nations mandates in the Middle East and Africa, with no. UTP was less effective due to the 4,000 annual salary for Willis which limited the partys effectiveness, as they lacked funds to campaign effectively. o) In most colonies, there was no sense of democracy, justice or equality. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. It remains to consider the effectiveness of the basic policy of indirect rule, that of ruling through chiefs. $.' Online ISBN: 9780511759635. For the Haya themselves, the only channels of political expression still open were intrigue within an increasingly irrelevant Native Authority structure, or accommodation to an authoritarian, if essentially benevolent, European government. Dr Illiffe's book is one of the few available studies of German colonial administration. h) Colonialism introduced a common currency which had not existed in the. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. Click here to navigate to parent product. During the period of colonization, Africans were ruled, patronized, discriminated against on racial grounds, and alienated politically and economically. an "indirect" style of rule features a more decentralized framework in. [7] To ensure that these resources could be moved easily, several railways were built. Direct central authority has power over the country; Indirect system in which a central authority has power over country, but local government maintains little say and authority. The rebellion was put down only after the intervention of the imperial German government and with the assistance of the British navy. Sir Donald Cameron, governor from 1925 to 1931, infused a new vigour into the country. Assimilation Policy Direct rule is a system of governmental rule in which the central authority has power over the country. The British were therefore forced to use local people, leading to the adoption of Indirect Rule. [9], One of the major drivers for decolonisation in Tanganyika was TANU which was founded in 1954, led by Julius Nyerere. It examines a colonial situation in depth, ranging from the processes of change in African societies to the decisions of policy-makers in Berlin. officer in North-West Tanganyika, engaged upon researches along the same line, though in his case the Hamitic dynasty was less advanced and the survival of the basic organization probably more vigorous. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 1989] 294 leaves. In indirect rule, the British officials did not extert their influence directly to tbe people but through local chiefs, whereas in policy of assimilation, French officials exerted their influence directly to the people not through the local chiefs. Nellis 1972: 18696). It was not until the Victoria Federation of Co-operative Unions was accepted in 1952 that the penny dropped. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. ), Lugard, despite his blimpish paternalism and racialism, criticized earlier British policy, argued for accelerated promotion of African administrators (p. 88), and even gave qualified praise to the Pan-African Congress of 1919 (p. 83). Online publication date: August 2010. Blockaded by the British navy, the country could neither export produce nor get help from Germany. [9], The British colony of Tanganyika gained independence on 9 December 1961, with Julius Nyerere becoming first, its prime minister in 1960 under British rule, and then president when Tanganyika was declared a republic in 1962. Did Germany use direct rule in Africa? These mistreatments were opposed by other countries in the World. In Tanganyika, the same degree of centralization had never been achieved. There are a number of excellent overviews that focus on different aspects of German colonialism. Find out more about saving content to . The island of Zanzibar was even taken as a part of the Sultanate of Oman, when Seyyid Said came to power in 1806, Omani interests in Tanzania began to increase. These companies also taxed the Africans in the form of rubber, ivory, food or cash. Britain needed a new name to replace "Deutsch Ostafrika" or "German East Africa". Publisher: Cambridge University Press. However, two of the main factors that burdened Tanganyikas independence was its geography and its surrounding neighbours. There was some resistance, though, from the British settlers who established the United Tanganyikan Party (UTP) by Brian Willis in 1956. 2. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika.