clean water act pros and cons clean water act pros and cons

The USEPAs (2000a) cost-benefit analysis of the Clean Water Act estimates that nonuse values are a sixth as large as use values. None of these ratios exceeds 1, though they are closer to 1 than are the values in TableVI. First "water pollution control" legislation. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Standard errors are clustered by watershed. Keiser thanks the USDA for funding through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project number IOW03909. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Asterisks denote p-value < .10 (*), < .05 (**). Online Appendix TableVI shows a variety of sensitivity analyses, and Online Appendix E.2 discusses each. Estimates appear in Online Appendix TableVIII and discussion appears in Online Appendix E.3. Online Appendix FigureV shows the effect of a grant by distance downstream from a treatment plant; few data are available to estimate effects separately for each five-mile bin along the river, and estimates are correspondingly less precise. 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Nutrients were not targeted in the original Clean Water Act but are a focus of current regulation. \end{equation*}. These comparisons also highlight features of the Clean Water Act that are not widely recognized and could lead it to have lower net benefits than some other environmental regulation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) final " Clean Water Rule " issued on Wednesday reduces the agencies' jurisdiction to protect waters that have been covered under the Clean Water Act (CWA) since the 1970s. The EPA did audit grants to minimize malfeasance. Smith and Wolloh (2012) study one measure of pollution (dissolved oxygen) in lakes beginning after the Clean Water Act and use data from one of the repositories we analyze. \end{align}, To estimate the pass-through of Clean Water Act grants to local expenditure, we regress cumulative municipal sewerage capital expenditures, \begin{equation} We find that by most measures, U.S. water pollution has declined since 1972, though some evidence suggests it may have declined at a faster rate before 1972. We discuss a range of pass-through estimates including these for cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. Column (3) includes all plants and grants with minimum required data (e.g., grants linked to the exact treatment plant even if without latitude or longitude data) and assumes all plants have 25 miles of rivers downstream. These estimates are even less positive than the estimates for housing. Log specifications would implicitly assume that the percentage change in a rivers pollution due to a grant is the same for a river with a high background concentration, which is unlikely. "Clean Water Act" became the Act's common name with amendments in 1972. But because residents who live upstream of treatment plants can benefit from clean water downstream of treatment plants (e.g., by traveling for recreation), upstream homes could benefit from grants. We also report unweighted estimates. This literature also finds that federal grants that require local matching funds and specify the grants purpose, both characteristics of the Clean Water Act grants, tend to have higher pass-through rates. Second, because the difference-in-differences specification used for home values does not use upstream areas as a counterfactual, it involves the stronger identifying assumption that areas with more and fewer grants would have had similar home price trends in the absence of the grants. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Environmental Policy Choice: Pollution Abatement Subsidies, Water Pollution Policy. The Clean Water Act and Water Pollution, VI. Water is a critical source that is utilized by most living things on Earth to support it ways of live. Annual cost to increase dissolved oxygen, Panel D: Log total value of housing stock, Copyright 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College. Analyses of the Clean Air Act relying solely on hedonic estimates generally have smaller cost-benefit ratios; the EPAs benefit numbers for air pollution rely heavily on estimated mortality impacts. Because water pollution flows in a known direction, areas upstream of a treatment plant provide a natural counterfactual for areas downstream of a plant. The Clean Water Act addressed a classic externality. Decent Essays. These controls could help address possible omitted variables bias due to city growth in these difference-in-differences regressions, but are potentially a case of bad controls (Angrist and Pischke 2009) because they could be affected by grants. Notes. Column (4) reweights estimates using the inverse of the estimated propensity score for inclusion in the balanced panel of cities. GLS based on the number of underlying pollution readings in each plant downstream year is an efficient response to heteroskedasticity since we have grouped data. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The bid function is the consumers indifference curve in the trade-off between the price of a home and the amount of attribute j embodied in the home. \end{equation}. TableVI separately lists three types of costs: federal expenditures on capital, local expenditures on capital, and operation and maintenance costs. Beginning in 1977, grants provided a higher 85% subsidy to projects using innovative technology, such as those sending waste-water through constructed wetlands for treatment. Our findings are consistent with these general conclusions. Lack civil or criminal penalties for violations. The Clean Water Act of 1972 protects the "waters of the United States" from unpermitted discharges that may harm water quality for humans and aquatic life. One such channel involves substitutioncleaning up part of a river in an area with many dirty rivers might have different value than cleaning up a river in an area with many clean rivers. Panels A and B show different ranges of values on their y-axes. Asterisks denote p-value < .10 (*), < .05 (**), or < .01 (***). This does not seem consistent with our results because it would likely create pretrends in pollution or home values, whereas we observe none. Our estimated ratio of the change in housing costs to total grant costs may provide a lower bound on the true benefit/cost ratio of this grant program because we abstract from nonuse (existence) values, general equilibrium effects, potential changes in sewer fees, and the roughly 5% longest recreational trips. One involves declining returns to abatement of pollution from point sources. At the same time, much oxygen-demanding pollution comes from agriculture and other nonpoint sources, and those sources have remained largely unregulated.