Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Black female abolitionist. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). Abolitionists were a divided group. The North also produced defenders of slavery, including Louis Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology and geology. The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). Calhouns idea of the concurrent majority found full expression in his 1850 essay Disquisition on Government. In this treatise, he wrote about government as a necessary means to ensure the preservation of society, since society existed to preserve and protect our race. If government grew hostile to society, then a concurrent majority had to take action, including forming a new government. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. . 1830s. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. Slaves were needed for farming mostly, and agriculture is the South's forte. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. Proslavery theology persisted because religious arguments had situated slavery amidst other forms of household order and had relied upon widely accepted views of womens subordination as a corollary to slaves deprivation of rights. Southern Christians not only kept their antebellum worldview, they reaffirmed it as they helped rebuild the legal and social structures of white supremacy after terrorism and Northern indifference defeated Reconstruction. Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? 1011). Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. Hinton R. Helper tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that. Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. . The Antebellum South The war, which began as a sectional power struggle to preserve the Union, in turn led Lincoln (who had never been an abolitionist) to emancipate enslaved persons in areas of the rebellion by the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and led further to the freeing of all enslaved persons in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. As the nation expanded in the 1830s and 1840s, the writings of abolitionistsa small but vocal group of northerners committed to ending slaveryreached a larger national audience. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. A second and, to the clergy who espoused it, more compelling argument in favor of slavery is that they believed slaves benefited from the system that controlled their lives. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Stephen Austin 1830s. That it is inconsistent with a perfect statethat it is not absolutely a good, a blessingthe most strenuous defender of slavery ought not to permit himself to deny" (White 1911, p. 298). As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim itand the sooner it is known the better. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. I appeal to facts. were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. This entry includes 2 subentries: She or he will best know the preferred format. Palmer also argues that the slaves are better off with slavery, in part because of their own nature: "We know better than others that every attribute of their character fits them for dependence and servitude. 299300). JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the U.S. Constitution? Southern Presbyterian Leaders. What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. All Rights Reserved. Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. . Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. "(Wilson 1980, p. 40). There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. In other words, Thornwell explains, slavery is simply part of the human condition that highlights human imperfections and that should make individuals work harder to tackle those imperfections. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. Does South Dakota State University Have A Medical School? He would travel from early morning to late evening, and he was well received by the slaves. In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy? How did the Confederate States of Americas constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America? Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Enslavers, he argued, took care of the ignorantin Fitzhughs argument, the enslaved persons of the South. Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. Although the support of the clergy did nothing to alter the outcome of the war, it did provide Southerners with a sense of having done the right thing. The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. what did black abolitionist David Walker do? If the South Had Won the Civil War, Slavery Could Have Lasted Until the 20th Century. Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. what happened to those who smuggled in African slaves? The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. . Because they were welcomed into the churches, they felt a sense of belonging that they felt in almost no other sphere of their existence. The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. Abolition did poorly at the polls. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. This belief illustrated the importance of the states rights argument to the southern states. The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. //]]>. The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s? Others felt that slaves were too irresponsible to try to live on their own. The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. Tolbert County, Maryland Hi there! Southerners, in contrast, were quiet, gentle, thoughtful, and given on occasion to "flights of genius" (p. 406). What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves. In 1833, the same year Britain outlawed slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society was established. The Virginian George Fitzhugh contributed to the defense of slavery with his book Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (1854). what did white southern apologists believe? Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. 1836 Battle between Texans and Mexicans in San Antonio. By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. . The senator from Illinois opposed slavery but was cautious about supporting the abolitionists. Instead, they transformed the defeat into the action of a mysterious, yet all-wise Providence and as an opportunity to correct failings in personal piety.. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. //. The push to abolish slavery in the United States proved more difficult because slavery was driven by domestic rather than colonial enterprises and was the social and economic base of the plantations of 11 Southern states. As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. Through the days leading up to the secession and during the war itself, Palmer and other preachers delivered the same message. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. showed how a defenseless animal could overcome a stronger one through cunning and deceit, a metaphor for survival as a slave. . Won an exemption from the Mexican law prohibiting slavery. Founder of Texas. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. [CDATA[ immigrants; it was better to pay someone than to risk losing an investment, not really; they had minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishments and some states prohibited the sale of children under 10. did authorities enforce laws that benefited slaves? Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways.
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