Amharic Fiji Hindi By the end of the Proto-Germanic period, word-final long vowels were shortened to short vowels. For example, the Greek future uses a -s- ending, apparently derived from a desiderative construction that in PIE was part of the system of derivational morphology (not the inflectional system); the Sanskrit future uses a -sy- ending, from a different desiderative verb construction and often with a different ablaut grade from Greek; while the Latin future uses endings derived either from the PIE subjunctive or from the PIE verb */bu/ 'to be'. Translate Proto-Germanic from English to Spanish using Glosbe automatic translator that uses newest achievements in neural networks. In a sequence of two voiceless obstruents, the second obstruent remains a plosive. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic | Brill German Gans, showing the original consonant. This is the basis of the distinction between English him/her (with h- from the original proximal demonstrative) and German ihm/ihr (lacking h-). Why is it called proto-Germanic? - Linguistics Stack Exchange (This assumption allows him to account for cases where Proto-Germanic has present indicative verb forms that look like PIE aorist subjunctives.). aimaz atgeban sindi midwiss gahugdizuh, auk aniraimaz anadan brurlkan augijan skulun. Word-final short nasal vowels do not show different reflexes compared to non-nasal vowels. Irish Finnic loanwords preceding the change are also known: A number of loanwords in the Finnic and Samic demonstrate earlier *e, e.g. Kangean McMahon says:[37], "Grimm's and Verner's Laws together form the First Germanic Consonant Shift. Italian Compare: Trimoraic vowels are distinguished from bimoraic vowels by their outcomes in attested Germanic languages: word-final trimoraic vowels remained long vowels while bimoraic vowels developed into short vowels. *hr). Proto-Norse language - Wikipedia *salbjan *salbn Gothic salbn 'to anoint'). The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The accent at the time of the change was the one inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which was free and could occur on any syllable. A Grammar of Proto-Germanic: 7. TEXTS - University of Texas at Austin hello Hallo. [8] It is possible that Indo-European speakers first arrived in southern Scandinavia with the Corded Ware culture in the mid-3rd millennium BC, developing into the Nordic Bronze Age cultures by the early second millennium BC. [51] One example, without a laryngeal, includes the class II weak verbs (-stems) where a -j- was lost between vowels, so that -ja a (cf. KraDai Early New) Strong verbs generally have no suffix in the present tense, although some have a -j- suffix that is a direct continuation of the PIE -y- suffix, and a few have an -n- suffix or infix that continues the -n- infix of PIE. This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Germanic, compared with definitions in English.. Translating/Converting To Proto-Germanic : r/germanic - Reddit *hwadr 'whereto, whither'). Gelao Tamil proto-Germanic - German translation - Linguee ScottishGaelic Korean An example verb: *neman 'to take' (class 4 strong verb). Etruscan Without this conditioning environment, the cause of the alternation was no longer obvious to native speakers. This split, combined with the asymmetric development in West Germanic, with lowering but raising, points to an early difference in the articulation height of the two vowels that was not present in North Germanic. SiberianTatar Krahe treats (secondary ) as identical with . In many cases, the nasality was not contrastive and was merely present as an additional surface articulation. Swahili This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Germanic, compared with definitions in English. The term substrate with reference to Proto-Germanic refers to lexical items and phonological elements that do not appear to be descended from Proto-Indo-European. Hittite Pama-Nyungan For example, PIE *brhtr > PGmc. Gothic Kashubian Arabic: AntilleanCreole I trust them. All linguistic components are taken into consideration. Guaran Somewhat greater reduction is found in Gothic, which lost all final-syllable short vowels except u. The consonant system was still that of PIE minus palatovelars and laryngeals, but the loss of syllabic resonants already made the language markedly different from PIE proper. Following that, overlong vowels were shortened to regular long vowels in all positions, merging with originally long vowels except word-finally (because of the earlier shortening), so that they remained distinct in that position. The first step was to convert the word to reconstructed proto-germanic. Sundanese Phones written in parentheses represent allophones and are not themselves independent phonemes. contraction after loss of laryngeal: gen.pl. Occitan Min Dong), Little is known about him; his tentative dates are 311-383. (A similar shift on the consonant inventory of Proto-Germanic later generated High German. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. (Tashelhit, Penutian Some of this difference is due to deflexion, featured by a loss of tenses present in Proto-Indo-European. In Modern English these are reduced to two cases in nouns, a general case that does duty Read More comparative reconstruction In Germanic languages Early Indo-European had limited contact between distinct lineages, and, uniquely, the Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour, as some of its characteristics were acquired from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. eim-si), with complex subsequent developments in the various daughter languages. Japonic Chechen Hmong-Mien Proto-Germanic language - memim.com The Proto-Germanic consonant gradation is not directly attested in any of the Germanic dialects, but may nevertheless be reconstructed on the basis of certain dialectal discrepancies in root of the n-stems and the n-verbs. Khmer Wu It outlines the grammar of Proto-Indo-European, considers the changes by which one dialect of that prehistoric language developed into Proto-Germanic, and provides a detailed account of the grammar of Proto-Germanic. Strong verbs use ablaut (i.e. Reconstructed Proto-Germanic, phonetic evolution derived from reconstructed PIE only, Reconstructed Proto-Germanic, with more probable grammar and vocabulary derived from later Germanic languages, Phonological stages from Proto-Indo-European to end of Proto-Germanic, Lexical evidence in other language varieties, Loans from adjoining Indo-European groups, Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Germanic. Proto-Germanic originally had two demonstratives (proximal *hi-/*hei-/*he- 'this',[59] distal *sa/*s/*at 'that') which could serve as both adjectives and pronouns. Old High German). Germanic languages, branch of the Indo-European language family. The loss of the Proto-Indo-European contrastive accent got rid of the conditioning environment for the consonant alternations created by Verner's law. The nasality of word-internal vowels (from -nh-) was more stable, and survived into the early dialects intact. LowSaxon For example, the original text uses the imperfect tense, which disappeared in Proto-Germanic. Marathi Proto-Germanic terms used in astronomy, the study of stars and other celestial bodies (see Category:gem-pro:Celestial bodies ). Old English shows indirect evidence that word-final - was preserved into the separate history of the language. Navajo Ojibwe the word nest opens up a space a place to sit or settle in. Consulting with others, as there is no one-to-one translation, I was given this conversion: un sterban likaz (un) (dying) (-like) I'm not putting in to question the original source's intelligence. I've recently been in a bit of a discovery phase in trying to find a way to write the word 'invincible' in elder futhark. The neuter nouns of all classes differed from the masculines and feminines in their nominative and accusative endings, which were alike. Sranan Kroonen (2011) posits a process of consonant mutation for Proto-Germanic, under the name consonant gradation. Since the second of two obstruents is unaffected, the sequences. By the third century, Late Proto-Germanic speakers had expanded over significant distance, from the Rhine to the Dniepr spanning about 1,200km (700mi). At least in Gothic, preverbs could also be stacked one on top of the other (similar to Sanskrit, different from Latin), e.g. Tibeto-Burman, this organisation helps to build nests, to make homes. In Proto-Germanic, the preverb was still a clitic that could be separated from the verb (as also in Gothic, as shown by the behavior of second-position clitics, e.g. Baltic Kraehenmann says:[39], "Then, Proto-Germanic already had long consonants but they contrasted with short ones only word-medially. PIE , a, o merged into PGmc a; PIE , merged into PGmc . Proto-Germanic language | Britannica [45][46] Although this idea remains popular, it does not explain why many words containing geminated stops do not have "expressive" or "intensive" semantics. Adams. If you can't find a Proto-Germanic form, such as one for Fenrir (only attested in Old Norse), then you can assume philologists aren't confident enough that the form existed in early Germanic. "[21], Antonsen's own scheme divides Proto-Germanic into an early stage and a late stage. Chavacano The Phonology of Proto-Germanic Those sounds given in white are those that do not occur frequently. (Cal)- As a result of its definite meaning, the weak form came to be used in the daughter languages in conjunction with demonstratives and definite articles. Temiar Malagasy [1] While Proto-Germanic refers only to the reconstruction of the most recent common ancestor of Germanic languages, the Germanic parent language refers to the entire journey that the dialect of Proto-Indo-European that would become Proto-Germanic underwent through the millennia. Phylogeny as applied to historical linguistics involves the evolutionary descent of languages. 2006. This rule continued to operate into the Proto-Germanic period. Goth acc. Megleno-Romanian Borrowing of lexical items from contact languages makes the relative position of the Germanic branch within Indo-European less clear than the positions of the other branches of Indo-European. Strong verbs were divided into seven main classes while weak verbs were divided into five main classes (although no attested language has more than four classes of weak verbs). Interlingue A notable example was the verb suffix *-atjan, which retained -j- despite being preceded by two syllables in a fully formed word. Whether it is to be included under a wider meaning of Proto-Germanic is a matter of usage. Fordsmender's Proto-Germanic Dictionary (OldPersian, MiddlePersian) The instrumental and vocative can be reconstructed only in the singular; the instrumental survives only in the West Germanic languages, and the vocative only in Gothic. Some of the consonants that developed from the sound shifts are thought to have been pronounced in different ways (allophones) depending on the sounds around them. [54] Modern theories have reinterpreted overlong vowels as having superheavy syllable weight (three moras) and therefore greater length than ordinary long vowels. Indicative and subjunctive moods are fully conjugated throughout the present and past, while the imperative mood existed only in the present tense and lacked first-person forms. When the vowels were shortened and denasalised, these two vowels no longer had the same place of articulation, and did not merge: - became /o/ (later /u/) while - became // (later //). This stage began its evolution as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European that had lost its laryngeals and had five long and six short vowels as well as one or two overlong vowels. Tupian For example, a significant subclass of Class I weak verbs are (deverbal) causative verbs. Icelandic (Bokml, Merging of PIE "palatovelar" and "velar" plosives ("centumization"): short ja-stem masculine nominative singular, long ja-stem masculine nominative singular. Runic Norse nom.sg. ", Most nouns and verbs are (still) not inflected - In the cases concerned, this would imply reconstructing an n-stem nom. Cornish Ossetian The first is a direct phonetic evolution of the PIE text. Tatar Danish Armenian Dictionary, J. Already in Proto-Germanic, most alternations in nouns were leveled to have only one sound or the other consistently throughout all forms of a word, although some alternations were preserved, only to be levelled later in the daughters (but differently in each one). Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups: West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic (Dutch); North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Faroese; and East Germanic, now extinct, comprising only Gothic and the languages of the Vandals, Burgundians, and a few other tribes. Tuvaluan Furthermore, Proto-Romance and Middle Indic of the fourth century ADcontemporaneous with Gothicwere significantly simpler than Latin and Sanskrit, respectively, and overall probably no more archaic than Gothic. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Indo-European world. Gothic makes no orthographic and therefore presumably no phonetic distinction between and , but the existence of two Proto-Germanic long e-like phonemes is supported by the existence of two e-like Elder Futhark runes, Ehwaz and Eihwaz. - with emphasis on, To find phrasal verbs or compound words, look for them with hyphens. Similar surface (possibly phonemic) nasal/non-nasal contrasts occurred in the West Germanic languages down through Proto-Anglo-Frisian of a.d. 400 or so. The /n/ nouns had various subclasses, including /n/ (masculine and feminine), /an/ (neuter), and /n/ (feminine, mostly abstract nouns). [citation needed] The end of the Common Germanic period is reached with the beginning of the Migration Period in the fourth century. The subjunctive mood derives from the PIE optative mood. At about the same time, extending east of the Vistula (Oksywie culture, Przeworsk culture), Germanic speakers came into contact with early Slavic cultures, as reflected in early Germanic loans in Proto-Slavic. Faroese 2nd edition. English As a result of the complexity of this system, significant levelling of these sounds occurred throughout the Germanic period as well as in the later daughter languages. e.g. As in the Italic languages, it may have been lost before Proto-Germanic became a different branch at all. The Sheep and the Horses: A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. Arabic ga-ga-warjan 'to reconcile'. [18] Proto-Indo-European had featured a moveable pitch-accent consisting of "an alternation of high and low tones"[19] as well as stress of position determined by a set of rules based on the lengths of a word's syllables. Amdo Tibetan (Neapolitan, Romanian Translation Conjugation Vocabulary Learn Spanish Grammar Word of the Day. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. (Mandarin In most languages, it developed a second role as definite article, and underlies both the English determiners the and that. (Select your preferred subtitles from the right bottom corner of this viewer), Late Proto-Indo-European Etymological Lexicon, Flexie: A conjugator of Modern Indo-European verbs, A The contrast between nasal and non-nasal long vowels is reflected in the differing output of nasalized long *, which was raised to in Old English and Old Frisian whereas non-nasal * appeared as fronted . They were preserved in Old Icelandic down to at least .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}a.d. 1125, the earliest possible time for the creation of the First Grammatical Treatise, which documents nasal vowels. Proto-Germanic verbs have two voices, active and passive, the latter deriving from the PIE mediopassive voice. [22], By 250BC Proto-Germanic had branched into five groups of Germanic: two each in the West and the North and one in the East. This is quite similar to the state of Latin, Greek, and Middle Indic of c. AD200. Celtic Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. Mallory, J.P. and D.Q. [note 6] The words could have been transmitted directly by the Scythians from the Ukraine plain, groups of whom entered Central Europe via the Danube and created the Vekerzug Culture in the Carpathian Basin (sixth to fifth centuries BC), or by later contact with Sarmatians, who followed the same route. Zulu, Afroasiatic the word is the name of the organisation. A Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ Auziwandilaz S Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ sebunstirnij Catalan And since Proto-Germanic therefore lacked a mid(-high) back vowel, the closest equivalent of Latin was Proto-Germanic : Rmn > *Rmnz > *Rmnz > Gothic Rumoneis. Proto-Germanic developed nasal vowels from two sources. *ster, gen. *sterraz < PIE *hstr-n, *hster-n-s and an n-verb 3sg. Early West Germanic text is available from the fifth century, beginning with the Frankish Bergakker inscription. The monophthongization of unstressed au in Northwest Germanic produced a phoneme which merged with this new word-final long , while the monophthongization of unstressed ai produced a new which did not merge with original , but rather with , as it was not lowered to . For more information, please see our Proto-Germanic is generally agreed to have begun about 500BC. Chinese Sino-Tibetan: Basque Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. a different vowel in the stem) and/or reduplication (derived primarily from the Proto-Indo-European perfect), while weak verbs use a dental suffix (now generally held to be a reflex of the reduplicated imperfect of PIE *deH1- originally 'put', in Germanic 'do'). Pashto Legal English translation and localisation services. Turkic Malay When he was about twenty-one he went to Constantinople to study, and at the age of thirty was consecrated first . The locative case had merged into the dative case, and the ablative may have merged with either the genitive, dative or instrumental cases. himma, neut. A Grammar of Proto-Germanic: 1. Introduction - University of Texas at Lingala Aspirated plosives become voiced plosives or fricatives (see below): Some small words that were generally unaccented were also affected , Some words that could be unstressed as a whole were also affected, often creating stressed/unstressed pairs , The process creates diphthongs from originally disyllabic sequences , That followed the earliest contact with the Romans since Latin. Finnic loanwords demonstrating earlier *e are again known: Finnish. But second opinions are always a good idea. the spoken . Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic PDF | PDF - Scribd This new etymological dictionary offers. The phylogeny problem is the question of what specific tree, in the tree model of language evolution, best explains the paths of descent of all the members of a language family from a common language, or proto-language (at the root of the tree) to the attested languages (at the leaves of the tree). Georgian The second version takes these differences into account, and is therefore closer to the language the Germanic people would have actually spoken. Causatives derived from strong verbs with a -j- suffix. It is known that the raising of to can not have occurred earlier than the earliest contact between Proto-Germanic speakers and the Romans. Although this is true to some extent, it is probably due more to the late time of attestation of Germanic than to any inherent "simplicity" of the Germanic languages. Laryngeals are lost after vowels but lengthen the preceding vowel: In word-final position, the resulting long vowels remain distinct from (shorter than) the overlong vowels that were formed from PIE word-final long vowels . Appendix:Proto-Germanic Swadesh list - Wiktionary 349-350. Privacy Policy. Spanish It is explained by Ringe that at the time of borrowing, the vowel matching closest in sound to Latin was a Proto-Germanic -like vowel (which later became ). Proto-Indo-European Trimoraic vowels generally occurred at morpheme boundaries where a bimoraic long vowel and a short vowel in hiatus contracted, especially after the loss of an intervening laryngeal (-VHV-). bab.la - Online dictionaries, . Egyptian, Friulian Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain. Lithuanian Preface This grammar of Proto-Germanic is designed to provide a comprehensive but concise treatment of the language from approximately 2500 B.C. Translation by Mrten Ss, provided by Corey Murray. The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. Purepecha Bandle, Oskar et al. The first two had variants in /ja/ and /wa/, and /j/ and /w/, respectively; originally, these were declined exactly like other nouns of the respective class, but later sound changes tended to distinguish these variants as their own subclasses. Somali Proto-Germanic definition: the prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Germanic languages | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Proto-Indo-Iranian (Sinitic, Avar *brr 'brother' but PIE *mehtr > PGmc. This page is not available in other languages. The following conventions are used in this article for transcribing Proto-Germanic reconstructed forms: The table below[4] lists the consonantal phonemes of Proto-Germanic, ordered and classified by their reconstructed pronunciation. Long vowels are denoted with a macron over the letter, e.g. *mdr 'mother'. Indo-Iranian Belarusian (AncientGreek) Cebuano Proto-Germanic in German - English-German Dictionary | Glosbe addvaukanan. There are three different types of verb in Proto-Germanic. ", The voiced phonemes /b/, /d/, // and // are reconstructed with the pronunciation of stops in some environments and fricatives in others. The strong declension was based on a combination of the nominal /a/ and // stems with the PIE pronominal endings; the weak declension was based on the nominal /n/ declension. Suzhounese), INTRODUCTION. However, many of the tenses of the other languages (e.g. Tajik The proximal was already obsolescent in Gothic (e.g. Can anyone point me toward any resources to help with this? (OldPortuguese) *gubunani < *gub-nh-ti, *gub-nh-nti. Most loans from Celtic appear to have been made before or during the Germanic Sound Shift. For Lehmann, the "lower boundary" was the dropping of final -a or -e in unstressed syllables; for example, post-PIE *wyd-e > Gothic wait, 'knows'. Voiceless plosives become fricatives, unless preceded by another obstruent. Manx All three of the previously mentioned groups of verbsstrong, weak and preterite-presentare derived from PIE thematic verbs; an additional very small group derives from PIE athematic verbs, and one verb *wiljan 'to want' forms its present indicative from the PIE optative mood. Note that although Old Norse (like modern Faroese and Icelandic) has an inflected mediopassive, it is not inherited from Proto-Germanic, but is an innovation formed by attaching the reflexive pronoun to the active voice. UDHR in Germanic languages - Omniglot sa-si, gen. es-si, dat. Proto-Celtic the word nest in english and in german has its origins in the proto-indo-european ni (down) and sed (sit). abuse v stampjanan. On the evidence of Gothicthe only Germanic language with a reflex of the Proto-Germanic passivethe passive voice had a significantly reduced inflectional system, with a single form used for all persons of the dual and plural. Early Germanic expansion in the Pre-Roman Iron Age (fifth to first centuries BC) placed Proto-Germanic speakers in contact with the Continental Celtic La Tne horizon. Uralic Pages in category "gem-pro:Astronomy" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. PROTO-GERMANIC - Translation in German - bab.la Bulgarian Makasar This can be verified by the fact that Latin Rmn later emerges in Gothic as Rumoneis (that is, Rmns). For descriptions of the sounds and definitions of the terms, follow the links on the column and row headings. This is usually due to a lack of comparative data from which to confidently produce a reconstruction. As it is probable that the development of this sound shift spanned a considerable time (several centuries), Proto-Germanic cannot adequately be reconstructed as a simple node in a tree model but rather represents a phase of development that may span close to a thousand years. This page provides all possible translations of the word proto-germanic in almost any language. Chumashan and Hokan It is often asserted that the Germanic languages have a highly reduced system of inflections as compared with Greek, Latin, or Sanskrit. Several sound changes occurred in the history of Proto-Germanic that were triggered only in some environments but not in others. No Germanic language that preserves the word-final vowels has their nasality preserved. Word-final short nasal vowels were however preserved longer, as is reflected in Proto-Norse which still preserved word-final - (horna on the Gallehus horns), while the dative plural appears as -mz (gestumz on the Stentoften Runestone). [44] (This is distinct from the consonant mutation processes occurring in the neighboring Samic and Finnic languages, also known as consonant gradation since the 19th century.) Older theories about the phenomenon claimed that long and overlong vowels were both long but differed in tone, i.e., and had a "circumflex" (rise-fall-rise) tone while and had an "acute" (rising) tone, much like the tones of modern Scandinavian languages,[53] Baltic, and Ancient Greek, and asserted that this distinction was inherited from PIE. Abinomn Muskogean Cypriot, Was there a Semitic influence on Proto-Germanic? Beekes, Robert S. P. 2011. Cantonese, Due to the emergence of a word-initial stress accent, vowels in unstressed syllables were gradually reduced over time, beginning at the very end of the Proto-Germanic period and continuing into the history of the various dialects. The stages distinguished and the changes associated with each stage rely heavily on Ringe 2006, Chapter 3, "The development of Proto-Germanic". Alternations in noun and verb endings were also levelled, usually in favour of the voiced alternants in nouns, but a split remained in verbs where unsuffixed (strong) verbs received the voiced alternants while suffixed (weak) verbs had the voiceless alternants. Burmese Nouns and adjectives were declined in (at least) six cases: vocative, nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, genitive. Ver en espaol en ingls.com. Proto Germanic | Spanish Translator [4] Sometime after Grimm's and Verner's law, Proto-Germanic lost its inherited contrastive accent, and all words became stressed on their root syllable. See Spanish-English translations with audio pronunciations, examples, and word-by-word explanations. It was nevertheless on its own path, whether dialect or language. This is also confirmed by the fact that later in the West Germanic gemination, -wj- is geminated to -wwj- in parallel with the other consonants (except /r/). Proto-Germanic had six cases, three genders, three numbers, three moods (indicative, subjunctive (PIE optative), imperative), and two voices (active and passive (PIE middle)). However, this view was abandoned since languages in general do not combine distinctive intonations on unstressed syllables with contrastive stress and vowel length. According to the Germanic substrate hypothesis, it may have been influenced by non-Indo-European cultures, such as the Funnelbeaker culture, but the sound change in the Germanic languages known as Grimm's law points to a non-substratic development away from other branches of Indo-European. The Proto-Germanic meaning of *un and its etymology is uncertain. All forms ultimately derive from the reconstructed Proto - Germanic feminine noun *xalj ('concealed place, the underworld'). Latin (OldMarathi) Das Deutsche entstand aus der vorgermanischen Gruppe indoeuropischer Sprachen, die weit in die Vorgeschichte reicht. Martin Schwartz, "Avestan Terms for the Sauma Plant". Hiligaynon Dalmatian English . More specifically: Labiovelars were affected by the following additional changes: These various changes often led to complex alternations, e.g. representing East Germanic, Old Norse (ON) representing North Germanic, and Old English (OE), Old Saxon (OS), and Old High German (OHG) representing West .
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