. IA Translational Research These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. 3 0 obj ANNUAL rEport , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. 2013; Vasbinder and Locke 2016), the European Union (Olsson et al. Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. For general information submit a message through our CONTACT FORM. Our mission is to provide an opportunity for the Northern New England Sonographers, not just vascular, but all sonographers a means for continuing medical educational programs and sharing of opportunities for growth. Ogden [3], Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998. x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. The authors also point out that NHPs are well positioned as models to understand the effects of new drugs of abuse as they are introduced into societies. China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. Projects New England Anti-Vivisection Society Wiki Please visit Sign Petitions and Send Letters to End Chimpanzee Research to show your support. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Chen Neeves, D.M. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. This article deals with global trends and guidelines followed by different countries in scientific research. In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. WebCommittee on Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research August 11, 2011 in Washington D.C. My name is Dr. Theodora Capaldo. In summary, more detailed reporting of the characteristics of NHPs used in experiments can improve reproducibility and can lead to new avenues of investigation. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). Rise for Animals 2016). For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The Critical Role of NHPs in Translational Research, National Association for Biomedical Research 2016, https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/nih-review-its-policies-all-nonhuman-primate-research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.100412, https://fbresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NHP-White-Paper-Print-08-22-16.pdf, https://www.oar.nih.gov/strategic_plan/fy2018/OAR_18_StrategicPlan_P10_508.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/nih-to-retire-all-research-chimpanzees-1.18817, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committee/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. AS They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. Strange Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. International HapMap Consortium [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? Failure of Phase II and III clinical trials can reflect lack of efficacy, safety concerns, or both (Arrowsmith and Miller 2013). [49], The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) is NEAVS' sister organization. Northern New England Vascular Society was founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). In 1983 NEAVS successfully lobbied to repeal Massachusetts' 1957 pound seizure law, which required animal shelters to sell animals for use in research. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results. Neeves, [93] C.J. , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. Q Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. Animals provided by CROs are often used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicology testing and for some preclinical research. However, this is often done with limited success, because many human diseases do not naturally occur in the animals used. Besides the obvious ethical and welfare concerns, this also casts doubt on the validity of any results obtained using such animals. NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. [37][38], In 2010 NEAVS, along with other animal protection organizations, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to review a policy listing chimpanzees as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act when found in the wild and "threatened" when in captivity. New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. In practice, however, this is an unequal struggle. Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. NEAVS also makes lifetime care commitments to animals in sanctuary and helped support the formation of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.[58]. E They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. DM , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. Cruelty Free International works to end the use of animals in product testing worldwide. Read more about what to send here. LA NEAVS This contrasts with the situation in Japan, where the marmoset has served as the basis of extensive efforts to develop transgenic animals and appears to be in relatively plentiful supply for domestic researchers (Cyranoski 2014). THE BIOETHICS OF GREAT APE WELL-BEING Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Another example from the field of HIV/AIDS relates to the successful development of antiviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV infection from one that is invariably fatal to one that can be ameliorated by the use of drugs. As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and 2016). CG The regulatory laboratories provided diagnostic services for Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. Use of chimpanzees led to development of vaccines that prevent Hepatis A and B and antivirals that are curative for Hepatitis C. These authors also provide a summary and timeline of the events that lead to a cessation of the use of chimpanzees for invasive biomedical research and the decision by the NIH and US Congress to move these animals to sanctuaries, a process that is not yet complete. 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). . This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. Trewyn, P.S. . The crux of my testimony is that imposing a dichotomy between ethical and scientific argumentsas asked to do by Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. , Locke P. Grimm Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. 2011). There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Web (NHPs) . Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. The rhesus macaque, which is the species most frequently used by academic investigators in the United States, can be obtained from the NPRCs, CROs, and other US centers, with reasonable waiting times. Zimmermann, E.J. A highly accurate and comprehensive genome sequence is important for the optimal use of any animal model for translational studies. [3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. BN The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. 2023 Nonprofit Metrics LLCTerms of Service and Privacy Policy. Capitanio Spring 2005. , Lackner A. Xia Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. For nearly 20 years, Coulston conducts invasive experiments on chimpanzees. As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). C New England Anti-Vivisection Society WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. In these cases, NHPs must be the primary, and perhaps only, animal model relevant to translation. E NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. . The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. JCI Phillips [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. A Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. Neeves Lab K Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. Harding We are affiliated with theDepartment of Bioengineering,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, and theHemophilia and Thrombosis Center. This could facilitate, for example, identification of potentially deleterious gene variants present in the heterozygous state that can be developed into homozygous animal models of specific human diseases, particularly for Mendelian (single gene) diseases. Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. 2017). Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. Maine Biomedical Research Cltn is categorized under Foundation Educational Philanthropic Research (SIC code 8733). 2013, 2017). [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. The NIH policy announcement also goes on to suggest "inadequate inclusion of female cells and animals in experiments and inadequate analysis of data by sex may well contribute to the troubling rise of irreproducibility in preclinical biomedical research." However, although clinical studies remain a central focus of human medical research, and the use of alternatives is increasing, there is still an over-reliance on the use of animals in research. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. Details of these alternative approaches are outside the purview of this review. [31], As part of this campaign, NEAVS published a number of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals examining the utility of chimpanzees in biomedical research. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many J Cox % For example, very shortly after Zika virus was identified as a teratogen in human populations, the demand for female NHPs, such as rhesus macaques, increased. These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. Annual membership fee of $35 is due by April 30 of each year. NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. The US National Research Council Institute for Laboratory Animal Research and the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research in the United Kingdom have provided guidance to journal editors, authors, and reviewers regarding information that should be included in publications relating to experimental animals (National Research Council 2011; Kilkenny et al. [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH.
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