When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure. In-Flight Icing: Ground Operations - NASA Deicing guidelines can be found in the FSAT, under "FAA Approved Deicing Program", and from the fluid manufacturer. endstream endobj startxref aircraft, vehicle, pedestrian, or other object while taxiing is about three The number one violation we see at our airport is aircraft taxiing too fast. . Recall that holding lines lie perpendicular to and from an active runway may seem a little routine, ensuring that it is 0000249683 00000 n Moreover, try to maintain the centerline by only using rudder/steering control and not with the use of differential brakes. 0000012934 00000 n Consult the procedures applicable to your aircraft and operation. poses its own set of potential safety-related problems. Towards a more sustainable ground traffic management. ASRS narratives include statements such Planes use taxis to __________________________. Runways are generally much wider than taxiways, and as a result seeing signs at their edge can be surprisingly difficult. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil . What is air-taxi? Multiple infractions should be considered grounds for suspension of airside driving privileges. reduced aircraft clearance with ground equipment or obstacles. Commercial air services in Canada are defined in Part VII of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). Aviation safety recommendations. The FAA and Transport Canada publish holdover time guidelines which are the times aircraft surfaces can be expected to remain protected from refreezing after anti-icing. I was alerted to this unwritten rule when a Senior CFI wanted to give a student departing for a long cross country a hard time. Large transport vs. small aircraft operations. 0000005695 00000 n No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. A couple of ASRS reports illustrate 2088 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<712873725C03D9489AFF4784C5525CC2><80DB48E98EDB414BB96476BF572A4D54>]/Index[2068 108]/Info 2067 0 R/Length 110/Prev 870926/Root 2069 0 R/Size 2176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Oil seeps by the piston rings and accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. Is it permissible to use avgas in a turbine engine? When ready to start, call "CONTACT" and listen for the reply. Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window 0000248773 00000 n First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. There are four different categories, based on an aircraft's takeoff weight, the type of work being performed and the number of passengers it is configured to carry. In fact, more than a few aviation safety incidents or near misses have occurred simply while on the ground during a ground or taxiing procedure. Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. If Im not required to make any calls at a pilot-controlled field, should I announce that Im taxiing? 0000152122 00000 n Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk Runway transgressions can be deadly. For general aviation, however, insufficient or improper ground deicing/anti-icing continues to cause several fatalities a year. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. pilots to call station operations to report "on the ground" after 0000249961 00000 n Safe ground and taxiing procedures - Golf Hotel Whiskey All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. All comments made here are public and may be republished by Flying. On occasion, however, minimum separation, particularly aircraft/vehicle separation is compromised. are both monitoring that frequency. 0000040502 00000 n aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy - howtostarta.net What Does a Pilot Require To Remain Current in an Aircraft Requiring a Type Rating? Even though most of the hazards associated with flying at night have been known in the aviation industry for many years, these types of accidents continue to occur, which would indicate that pilots' knowledge or awareness of these hazards is still very low. Single pilot aircraft should not monitor other than ATC communications until flight from Class B, Class C, or Class D surface area is completed. 0000057526 00000 n Privacy Policy and Important Notices 0000050056 00000 n Type IV fluids offer the best protection against refreezing. Ground Collision ( GCOL) - a collision that occurs while an aircraft is taxiing to or from a runway in use. You may experience longer than usual wait times or partial service interruptions. In fact, even experienced pilots may forget or become complacent about the remaining aspect of flying, that is, ground and taxiing procedures. Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. We normally accept these special taxi clearances without giving much thought to the safety considerations beyond the obvious one: that an airplane might be about to takeoff or land on a runway weve just been cleared to taxi onto. 0000005441 00000 n An idling airplane can produce a compact version of a Category 3 hurricane, introducing an engine wake approaching 120 mi/h (104 kn or 192 km/h) with temperatures of 100F (38C). A selection of events that involved an aircraft being towed: On 27 September 2017, an Airbus A320 being manoeuvred off the departure gate at Dublin by tug was being pulled forward when the tow bar shear pin broke and the tug driver lost control. hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. PDF AC 150/5210-20A, Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing, or 0000042163 00000 n Stay up to date with the latest articles and selections from our archives. [This led] to the assumption by the Captain that deicing had been completed." Type IV fluids are designed for aircraft with take-off rotation speeds of 100-110 knots or more, and may be applied when substantial time is anticipated between deicing and take-off. Aircraft structural In response, we have issued some transportation-related measures and guidance. This article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the airport manoeuvring areas inclusive of taxiways and ramp areas. vpfTQ'\wr)Ke3@;Cr%H#SJcvDDg+j]\zM5h.aK. 0000247884 00000 n A simulation is conducted based on a practical setting of 9 flights on runway 02L at a central-south airport. Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . 0000247480 00000 n 0000049616 00000 n The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. 0000026526 00000 n 0000101385 00000 n 0000005618 00000 n According to the Airmen's Information Tug operators - Tug operators have the additional responsibility of moving aircraft on and off gates as well as positioning aircraft from one location on the airfield to another. Aviation enforcement and processes, corporate and non-corporate offenders. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. caused by completing checklists, obtaining weight and balance information, and Not so obvious is how handling may be affected by deicing fluids. AC 150/5210-20A - Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing or Description. Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. 0000049258 00000 n Electronic airport diagrams that depict your location can be a great help in these cases. They will be addressed at two levels; operations less than 1,200 feet RVR to 500 feet RVR and operations less than 500 feet RVR, Specific lighting systems and surface markings may be found in Paragraph 2-1-11, Taxiway Lights, and Paragraph 2-3-4, Taxiway Markings, When low visibility conditions exist, pilots should focus their entire attention on the safe operation of the aircraft while it is moving. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Manoeuvring around an aircraft partially blocking a taxiway (as might be the case if the aircraft was approaching, but not yet at the stop point of, a gate) can lead to collision. this author, most involved unauthorized runway transgressions. Type III fluids have a viscosity higher than Type I fluids but much lower than Type II or IV fluids. Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. 0000194210 00000 n Fortunately not all runway transgressions lines from the side with the continuous lines a pilot should not cross the holding
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