Describe the principles of the urinometer, refractometer and harmonic oscillation densitometry methods for determine specific gravity. Kristin J. Stuempfle, PhD, ATC, contributed to conception and design; acquisition and analysis and interpretation of the data; and drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the article. LaboratoryInfo.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. McCrossin and Roy12 described the overall correlation between refractometry and hydrometry as good. In studies comparing refractometry with reagent strips, several researchers have suggested that reagent strips are an acceptable alternative to refractometry,1315 whereas others have concluded that they are not.12,1619 Although these findings are contradictory, the interclass Pearson correlation coefficients reported in these previous validity studies might not be the most appropriate statistical approach to use when comparing 2 methods of measurement.20,21 Furthermore, none of these authors assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, or reagent strips. It works by measuring the refraction of light through the liquid and calculating the sugar content based on that measurement. Intraclass coefficients between refractometry and hydrometry were moderate (R = .869) and low between refractometry and reagent strips (R = .573). Posted on May 31, 2022 by May 31, 2022 by Urinometer. A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. To calculate the amount needed, take an initial gravity reading, then subtract that from the specific gravity you wish to begin with. In the titration, I used these available instruments to ensure my results would be as accurate as possible. However, the measurement is affected by alcohol, and the Final Gravity reading needs to be corrected Continue reading Refractometer measures the urine density on the basis of the index of light refraction. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Hence, before undergoing urinalysis, you have to inform your doctor if you are taking a particular supplement or if you are under a maintenance drug. This quick test can help determine how well your kidneys are diluting your urine. 2015 Sep;63(5):254-9. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.1002553. Compare dipstick testing for urine specific gravity with urinometer and refractometer testing 34. refractometer What are advantages of using a refractometer? Measuring urine S.G. A refractometer is an instrument that measures the refractive index of a liquid. density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water at similar temperature. 2018 Apr 3;57:e11. WebThere are numerous advantages to using a refractometer: Very portable - A hand-held refractometer is easily carried. Some of the variation in reported results may be due to differences in design by refractometer manufacturers. Disclaimer. The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip Advantages It is convenient to use. However, interclass correlations may not be the appropriate statistical technique because the same variable is being correlated. It was calibrated with distilled water before use. If you want to be more precise with your measurements, therefore achieving better brews, then you might want to invest in a refractometer. It is a must to observe the proper time of dipping and reading the result as too early or too long could lead to an inaccurate result. 2001;30(1):16-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2001.tb00250.x. No significant difference was found between the devices. Urinometer The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. We will be using a laboratory scale or balance and the graduated cylinder to determine the density of water and of alcohol. Twenty-one healthy members of an NCAA Division III wrestling team (age = 20.0 1.29 years, height = 174.7 8.27 cm, mass = 82.8 18.00 kg) each provided one urine sample. A small beam of light (red) is shined at the prism surface. Anal Chem. Another possible source may be variation in the biuret reagent mixture and assay conditions. For generating valuable data with a desired accuracy and to quantify concentration of the constituents present in the samples being analyzed. government site. Doctors who typically orders urinalysis include: Image 2: Different components of the body can be determined using urine as a specimen. A dipstick is a thin plastic stick with a strip covered with chemicals. We calculated a 3 2 4 (method trial tester) repeated-measures analysis of variance for significant mean differences in urine specific-gravity measurements among methods, trials, and testers with alpha set at P < .05 and followed up with Scheff post hoc comparisons. First, place an empty graduated cylinder on a balance, determine its mass and record the value under the Density of Water: Data Table. WebTo prepare a solution appropriate for quality control of the refractometer, a technician should use: A. urea with a specific gravity of 1.040 B. water with a specific gravity of 1.005 C. sodium chloride with a specific gravity of 1.022 D. calcium chloride with an osmolarity of 460 This will evenly distribute the liquid on the prism. advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer 2022 Click to see full answer. The urinometer is an laboratory material that normally used to measure the specific gravity of urine. How does a refractometer measure specific gravity? Bookshelf For women, the labia should be spread and cleaned from front to back. At 20 degrees celsius a urinometer floating in distilled water should read 1.000. You lift up the daylight (sample plate), and add a few drops of distilled water. The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. The following instruments were used to assess urine specific gravity. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Although it is difficult to directly compare our results with the findings of others because of different statistical approaches, our overall conclusion that hydrometry and reagent strips are not acceptable substitutes for refractometry is consistent with the findings of other validity studies discussed previously.12,1619. indirect methods of measuring SG (2) Definition. If the urinometer is then placed in urine, a reading between 1.010 and 1.030 signifies that the urine is within normal levels, otherwise it contains either too much, or not enough, protein. Then, replace the cylinder filled with water back on the balance to weigh and record the mass of both cylinder and water. Each refractometer pair was compared using Spearman's rank correlation, Bland-Altman difference plots, and Deming regression analyses. If you are going to compare the urine dipstick test to the conventional urine test, you will notice that the dipstick test is more convenient. The validity of hydrometry and reagent strips was assessed by comparison with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity. It is necessary to subtract 0.004 from refractometer or urinometer readings for every 1 g/dl of glucose to correct the value. Similar conclusions were made by Zack (r = .791)19 and Brandon (r = .7246)17 when comparing reagent-strip and refractometer measurements. Guthrie RM, Lott JA, Kriesel S, Miller IL. Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association; 1998. If the specimen is cold, 0.001 must be subtracted from the reading for every 3 degreeC that the specimen temperature is below the urinometer calibration temperature.Conversely, 0.001 must be added to the reading for every 3degreeC that the advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. During preparticipation physical examinations, athletic trainers identified collegiate football players and monitored hydration status (n = 69 samples) during preseason practices. McCrossin and Roy12 reported an overall correlation of .96 between hydrometry and refractometry in 69 urine samples from hospitalized children. A standard laboratory thermometer measured urine temperature at the time of assessment. Guthrie et al15 collected urine samples from 279 hospital outpatients and found r = .88 between reagent strips and refractometry when no correction was made for the presence of glucose in the urine and r = .92 when a correction was made for glucose. The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. First, a sample of the test fluid (purple) is put on the face of a glass prism (gray) of a known refractive index. Some solutes, such as acetone, may cause false increases in specific gravity by refractometry, as they increase refraction but are less dense than water. The refractometer measures velocity of light in air versus velocity of light in a solution. If the container being used to hold the sample isn' Hydrometers are notorious for not being accurate or consistent. How can we avoid the occurrence of weld porosity? Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association; 1999. Aside from restricting foods, there might be some supplements and non-prescription drugs you need to completely avoid before the test. When the new wrestling rules were first introduced in 1998,4 the NCAA allowed the use of all 3 methods to assess urine specific gravity. Urine specific-gravity measurements normally range from 1.002 to 1.030.5 The NCAA selected a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 to indicate euhydration.4 Wrestlers with a urine specific gravity 1.020 are considered euhydrated and may have their body composition assessed to determine their minimal weight for competition, whereas wrestlers with a urine specific gravity >1.020 are considered to be dehydrated and may not proceed to body-composition testing on that day. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Specific gravity can be measured using refractometer, osmolality and reagent strip. Epub 2019 Oct 14. Several investigators1315 have suggested that reagent strips are an acceptable alternative to refractometry. It allows doctors to see the concentration of particles present in Shown below is an animation of a Pulfrich refractometer. Finally, scientists from Miles Laboratories,13 which produces N-MULTISTIX reagent strips, compared their reagent strips with refractometry in 791 nonhospitalized subjects. Refractive index compares: Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions. Point the prism end of the refractometer toward a light source and focus the eyepiece until the scale is clearly visible. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? A false negative was defined as a measurement by the hydrometer or reagent strip indicating euhydration (value did not exceed 1.020), when the refractometer indicated dehydration (value exceeded 1.020). (3) For the determination of specific gravity of canine urine the urinometer is often used. The advantages and disadvantages of a urine test strip Advantages. II. WebA refractometer is a simple handheld tool used to measure the percentage of solids. Tvedten HW, Ouchterlony H, Lilliehk IE. Compared to hydrometers, they have the advantage that only a few drops of liquid and needed and that the measurement doesnt need to be corrected for temperature. Therefore, we suggest that refractometry should be the NCAA's only choice for measuring a collegiate wrestler's urine specific gravity during the weight-certification process. A urine test strip is more of qualitative and not much on the quantitative information. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Basically, light is passed through a very small sample of wort and the extent to which that light refracts (bends), called the refractive index, allows us to predict the amount of sugar in our wort. Open up the flap at the end of the refractometer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Finally, Dorizzi and Caputo18 compared 2 different reagent strips with refractometry in 1725 urine samples from hospital inpatients and outpatients and reported correlation coefficients of only r = .663 and r = .514. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What the kidneys do is they filter wastes out of the blood, regulate water in the body, and conserve essential compounds in the body including proteins and electrolytes. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. We assessed the reliability of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips between 2 trials and among 4 testers. A table that converts index of refraction to serum water concentration can be used to convert electrolyte concentration from mmol/L of serum to mmol/L of serum water, a more accurate indicator of effective electrolyte concentration. The molar absorptivitas results obtained are used in the determination of the percentage of the sample levels. Turini L, Bonelli F, Nocera I, Meucci V, Conte G, Sgorbini M. Animals (Basel). When performing the test in a laboratory setting, you will be given a sterile container to catch the urine sample. There might be components that are not supposed to be there such as protein, glucose, blood cells both white and red, crystals, and bacteria. If a certain substance is present in urine the color of the chemical strip changes. ii. The information that you will get from the urine dipstick test is only limited. Therefore, the refractometer, the smaller Assistant Urinprober hydrometer, and the reagent strips were read to a precision of less than one marked unit. False negatives (fail refractometer, pass other method) also occurred with the hydrometer (3/168, 2%) and reagent strips (15/168, 9%). On the negative side, refractometry brings value only when the constituents of a solution are well-known. Easy to interpret Cost-effective The analysis can be done in just a few minutes of collecting urine. Accessibility Urinary indices of hydration status. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Evaluation of Different Methods to Estimate the Transfer of Immunity in Donkey Foals Fed with Colostrum of Good IgG Quality: A Preliminary Study. The doctor might require follow-up test to determine the right course of action. PMC The original and final readings are both needed in the same calulator. However, the correlation coefficient decreased as the urine specific gravity increased. Furthermore, we did not determine if the urine samples contained glucose or protein. WebRefractometer advantages: nexpensive instrument Refractometer disadvantages: Tedious calibration No instrument protocol Operator dependent readings( limited it needs to be corrected for temperature. It consists of a quarter circle block attached to a cantilevered arm with a rectangular surface on the other end. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. An official website of the United States government. A refractometer is an optical device that, like a hydrometer, measures the specific gravity of your beer or wort. Refractometers are calibrated using: Distilled water and sodium chloride. 1 University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA. Pediatric nurses in acute care settings routinely test urine for specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, and other substances. In one tertiary care facility, nurses used the refractometer to test urine specific gravity and the reagent strip to test for other substances. Why is Measuring the Accurately identify the presence of leukocytes and nitrite in a urine specimen. government site. WebThis study was designed to provide data to determine if the reagent strip and the refractometer were interchangeable for measuring urine specific gravity in pediatric It is a must to obtain a clean-catch urine. As described previously, McCrossin and Roy12 found that the correlation between refractometry and hydrometry diminished in the high range of urine specific-gravity measurements. When it comes to urine specific gravity levels, each lab sets standards; however, many labs set a normal urine specific gravity range between 1.020 and 1.028. (Level 2) 12. Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. The method trial tester interaction was significant (F6,160 = 4.085, P = .0008) (Table (Table1).1). Finally, analysis of the data in Table Table11 and Figure Figure55 reveals that reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials for the testers or among testers. Rudinsky AJ, Wellman M, Tracy G, Stoltenberg L, DiBartola SP, Chew DJ. Hydrometer results were adjusted for temperature by adding or subtracting 0.001 specific-gravity units for each 3C above or below 20C, respectively.22. The urinometer is an laboratory material that normally used to measure the specific gravity of urine . This may reflect tester subjectivity and the difficulty in determining the density-indicating meniscus. The refractometer was reliable between trials for each tester and among all testers. CH31 Using Urinometer Instructor: J.T., Page: 2 With the urinometer floating in a cylinder of urine, position your eye at a level even with the bottom of the meniscus and read the specific gravity from the scale printed on the urinometer. A false positive was defined as a measurement with the hydrometer or reagent strip indicating dehydration (value exceeded 1.020), when the refractometer indicated euhydration (value did not exceed 1.020). Intraclass reliability between trials was high for refractometry (R = .998) and hydrometry (R = .987) and moderate for reagent strips (R = .854). Because the enthalpy of solution for gases dissolved in waters is usually, of being able to analyze multiple samples in a short amount of time. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Urine samples were divided into 2 subsamples (trials A and B) for analysis. Example Sentences: (1) There is no correlation between the relative supersaturation of CaOx and the SG-determination ( urinometer, test stick). Not sure if I'll ever use it again, since it does require such a large (compared to a refractometer) sample to get a reading. Make sure there are no bubbles. ii. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Think of it as a basic necessity. What is specific gravity refractometer urine? Urine with low specific gravity can be a sign of diabetes or kidney problems. Thoroughly clean the urinary opening. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. procedure: 1 Collecting the urine. Four hydrometers cost more than one refractometer. Sensors (Basel). False positives (pass refractometer, fail other method) occurred with both hydrometry (47/168, 28%) and reagent strips (25/168, 15%). These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells. pfe mise en place iso 45001 Refractometers are calibrated using: Distilled water and sodium chloride. A urinalysis or urine test is a non-invasive procedure to check for the composition of urine, which is helpful in detecting some types of medical conditions like diabetes, urinary tract infection, and kidney-related diseases, to name a few. The refractometer is a good tool, but it is important to remember that it measures the refractive index of the total solution, not the cutting fluid concentrate. As mentioned above, they are not as great post fermentation and only a hydrometer will Inexpensive - Low initial cost and low levels of maintenance. How does a refractometer work for specific gravity? Substances are put into cuvettes that are glass or quartz containers that light can easily travel through. Coolant refractometers often have a readout that can also be used with car battery fluid to indicate battery condition. Urine thats too concentrated could mean that your kidneys arent functioning properly or that you arent drinking enough water. Open up the flap at the end of the refractometer. Discuss the correction needed to compensate for high molecular substances as glucose or protein in determining the no need to correct for temp The amplifier is used to amplify the signals and that amplified signals are passed through a feedback network and generates the output. Equipment. Fully automated urine chemistry analyzers often use an onboard refractometer to obtain a specific gravity reading. Specific gravity = Density of urine / Density of water. It can be done through the following ways: Image 4: A urine testing strip using a dipstick. Although, it helps detect the presence of abnormalities in the body, it is not only the basis in diagnosing a particular condition. Sensitivity and specificity of the hydrometer were 88% and 67%, respectively. (2) Both methods were compared and a table for converting refractometer values to urinometer values is given. Schnirring L. NCAA strengthens weight-cutting rules. 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted McCrossin and Roy12 and Adams16 reported correlation coefficients of r = .82 and r = .80, respectively, between reagent strips and refractometry and concluded that the reagent strips were not a valid measure of urine specific gravity. J Vet Diagn Invest. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, - R. = comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution. Where should I start working out out of shape? Result turnaround time is normally 24-48 hours, or longer, depending on proximity to major urban areas. Stedman's Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. Epub 2021 Mar 19. Distilled water provided the calibration standard for the hydrometers before use. Refractometers are fast, simple, no need to bring down to calibrated temps. The specificity of the hydrometer and reagent strips was calculated as the number that were both disease negative and test negative, divided by the number that were disease negative, times 100.24. 19992000 Wrestling weight certification program. It is convenient to use. i. Refractometer: determines the concentration of the dissolved particles in the specimen by measuring the refractive index. Here are some examples of the advantages of a refractometer: Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. The .gov means its official. Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. In particular, values near a clinically relevant dehydration level (1.030) tended to be lower and were amplified by a Still cheaper than a refractometer. Hydrometer measurements were consistently greater than refractometry measurements (mean difference = 0.002 0.003) (Figure (Figure1).1). Normally, you are allowed to eat and drink before urinalysis. Home. A urine test is not a definite diagnosis of a particular condition. Image 5: This is how a chart for urine dipstick analysis test looks like. They suggested that the correction for glucose was appropriate but probably academic. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated between methods and trials. Dorizzi RM, Caputo M. Measurement of urine relative density using refractometer and reagent strips. Anything the body does not need travels from the kidneys through ureters, bladder, urethra, and out of the body. Gounden D, Newall RG. The whole strip is dipped in the urine sample and you have to watch out for changes in colors of each square. Specific gravity Numerous authors have reported that the results of protein estimation by refractometry for domestic mammals correlate well with those obtained by the biuret method, although others have reported both higher and lower refractometric results compared with biuret results. 1. urinometer 2. refractometer 3. reagent strip 4. harmonic oscillation densitometry. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. It does this by using a source of white light through a prism, which gives multiple wavelengths that can be individually focused (Ayyagari and Nigam, 2007). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". and transmitted securely. View in full-text. Clinical refractometers also measure the refractive index of a sample, the urine specific gravity, and the percent solid in aqueous solutions. It does not store any personal data. To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. It helps assess whether the treatment the patient currently receives is effective. Image 1: Urinalysis is a part of the routine check-up. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. I will be doing this experiment to understand density of water compared to the volume of an object. Urinalysis consists of three things: physical, chemical, and microscopic. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Place a small amount of liquid (usually 25 drops) on the prism and secure the cover plate. Before Place a drop of urine on the glass plate and close the flap. Refractometer. A urine test strip using a dipstick is one of the commonly used methods of checking the chemical components of urine. Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus: Definition. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Refractometer measurements were accepted as the true indication of hydration status.811 When the hydrometer or reagent strips indicated results contradictory to the refractometer, the measurements were recorded as false positives or false negatives. Context 2. cinma orlans : programme. In a routine urinalysis, the urine is checked for its appearance, concentration, and composition. Refractometry brings several benefits as an analytic modality: Instruments are simple and relatively inexpensive, measurement is rapid, and quantitation is highly accurate. Urinalysis can be done at home using a urine strip test readily available in the leading pharmacy or in a laboratory setting. advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. Hematologic, Plasma Biochemical, Protein Electrophoretic, and Total Solid Values of Captive Oriental Turtle Doves (. Refractometers showed reporting bias compared with the Brix solutions used as a reference standard for urine. This ratio varies directly with the number of dissolved particles in urine and, as such, varies similarly with the specific gravity of urine. Posted on May 31, 2022 by May 31, 2022 by Search. Subsequently, the use of reagent strips was eliminated.6 Our data support this decision and further suggest that the use of the hydrometer also should be eliminated. The refractometer is reliable, fast, accurate, and technically easy to use and requires only a single drop of urine. Swirl the urinometer slightly as it is inserted.make sure the instrument floats freely away from the sides of container. The Schuco Clinical Refractometer (model 5711-2021; Williston Park, NY) has a temperature-compensating dial and graduated intervals of 0.005 units with a scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.040. Clinical refractometers, or TS Meters, are found in many hospitals and clinics. Read the scale value at the point where the dark and light portions meet. Popowski LA, Oppliger RA, Patrick Lambert G, Johnson RF, Kim Johnson A, Gisolfi CV. Its also important to know that youre using a refractometer calibrated for use with seawater as many cheap refractometers are actually designed for use in brine, a simple solution of salt and water without the other elements naturally found in seawater. Instant results - Readings are done "on the spot;" no need to wait for lab results. What are the advantages of using a refractometer instead of other specific gravity measurement equipment used in clinical microscopy? A spectrophotometer is a machine used to determine the absorbance of light at any given wavelength. There are a variety of items being checked in urinalysis such as: The kidneys are the organs that produce urine. In this experiment is determine if the water and the unknown liquid has the different of the density. Submit the urine sample to the lab for analysis. Refractometer. This approach plots the differences between 2 measurement devices against the mean of the measurement devices. 6 Can you measure final gravity with a refractometer? Place the cylinder on the lab bench and read the volume of the water using the bottom of the meniscus and the volume makings on the cylinder. Next, pour 25 mL of tap water into the graduated cylinder. The NCAA selected urine specific gravity as the most practical, cost-efficient hydration measure to use during the weight-certification process.4. Before you use a refractometer, it needs to be calibrated.
Serena Williams Age Net Worth, Revere Restaurant Owner, Who Is Leo With Lady Colin Campbell, Articles A