The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Indian Boarding Schools still exist, of which some have been in operation since the 1800s, although their curriculum isnow generally Native centric,includingclasses thatre-introduce aspects ofnativeculture. The popularity of the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. Their second major settlement, referred to as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or Zhaagawaamikong, French, Chequamegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe, Wisconsin. To replace your childs enrollment card, call (785) 966-3910 or email group-memberservices@pbpnation.org. Specific areas or sites are important to sacred ceremonies, yet they are more often a homeland rather than a shrine or temple. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. Many individuals belonged to the Medicine Lodge, which was organized to ensure good health and long life. The Menominee lived around Green Bay when the French explorer Jean Nicolet arrived there in 1634. At a later time, one of these miigis appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. [19], Often, treaties known as "peace and friendship treaties" were made to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. Its curriculum integrates traditional Native American values and Anishinaabek culture. Pottawatomie Indian Burying Ground Unseen powers and mysteries are accepted and integrated into beliefs without explanation. In the 1680s the Ojibwa defeated the Iroquois who dispersed their Huron allies and trading partners. In the 1860s, epidemics of smallpox, dysentery, and other diseases introduced from Europe killed hundreds of Menominee. Under the direction of Ada Deer, a Menominee woman, DRUMS pushed for the restoration of the Menominee federal status. Today, the Ojibwe reside in more than 150 federally recognized communities in Canada and the 2018, Regents of the University of Michigan, Highlights resources pertaining to Indigenous Peoples, and the focus is on communities Indigenous to Turtle Island (North America), Online Video ( Clips, Presentations, Programs Etc..), https://guides.lib.umich.edu/c.php?g=283427, Algonquian Language Family (Anishinaabe/Ojibwe/Chippewa), H.R. Some aspects of the old dual division of the tribe still existed, but the line drawn between the groups became focused on those who were traditional versus those who had converted to Christianity. Latin American & Native American Medical Association (LANAMA), Multicultural Association of Pre-Health Students (MAPS), Society for Advancement of Hispanics/Chicanos and Native Americans in Science at University of Michigan Chapter, Michigan State Universitys Michigans American Indian Heritage Guide, Michigan State Universitys Michigan Notable Indians Guide, Central Michigan Universitys Native American Material in the Clarke Historical Library, Library of Michigans Michigan Native Americans Research Guide, Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. The Menominee refer to themselves as Mamaceqtaw (pronounced ma-ma-chay-tau), meaning "the people." Potawatomi Nation Case Study. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. People had to marry a spouse from a different clan. Petroforms and medicine wheels have been used to teach important spiritual concepts, record astronomical events, and to use as a mnemonic device for certain stories and beliefs. doi:10.1525/aa.1944.46.4.02a00240, James A. Clifton, "Wisconsin Death March: Explaining the Extremes in Old Northwest Indian Removal", in, Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. Like the Midewiwin, the Waabanowin is a secretive animistic religion, requiring an initiation. Once the four day journey is over, a feast is held, which is led by the chief medicine man. The sweatlodge is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. Holy Childhood in Harbor Springs, Michigan operated until 1983. 28 The Potawatomi used clay pottery similar to these for everyday use 29 Traditional Foods Despite this, the Menominee maintained strong ties to British and French traders in Canada. His boss, who he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River area. [43], The Ojibwe eat the corms of Sagittaria cuneata for indigestion, and also as a food, eaten boiled fresh, dried or candied with maple sugar. Potawatomi During a council with the British and their allied Indian warriors along the Grand River near Niagara in 1813, Odawa war chief Blackbird gave a vivid speech detailing how American soldiers were desecrating the burials of tribal people: Those behind us came up and did mischief. Michigan The Menominee underwent Termination early because the federal government felt the tribe possessed the economic resources necessary to succeed without governmental supervision. The script is still in use, among traditional people as well as among youth on social media. We hope that through scholarship and pedagogy, we cancreate a future in which understanding of the past supports present-day justice balanced by care and compassion. White, Richard (July 31, 2000). WebThere are 11 Cemeteries in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, serving a population of 71,614 people in an area of 788 square miles.There is 1 Cemetery per 6,510 people, and 1 Cemetery per 71 square miles.. Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex and includes the immediate family as well as extended family. They had hoped that a British victory could protect them against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory. Kin relations demanded respect between those called brothers and sisters (including parallel cousins -- father's brother's children and mother's sister's children) and in-laws of the opposite sex. Burial mounds in the area show that people from the Woodland and Mississippian Cultures occupied the area around the lake and placed great value in the land. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273379 (p. 376), Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. This collection consists of Odawa and Lakotaelder Warren Petoskeys materials related to professional and personal activities, historical information, photographs, and audio recordings. Even with the Jay Treaty signed between Great Britain and the United States following the American Revolutionary War, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. Treuer, Anton. On December 22, 1973, President Richard M. Nixon signed the Menominee Restoration Bill into law. It focuses on the revitalization of the Potawatomi language and offers various means of learning such as lessons, online courses, and a language lab. Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-Lake Michigan areas. neodioica after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal. Mzinigangamik - Cultural Library (LTBB Library). Some ceremonies use the miigis shell (cowry shell), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. At their "third stopping place", near the present-day city of Detroit, Michigan, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. The band was often identified by the principal doodem. The site has now been purchased by the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe to preserve its history. Their lifestyle necessitated considerable mobility, with outlying camps and special purpose gathering and processing stations. In 1951, the tribe received $8.5 million from the federal government as compensation for losses due to mismanagement of their logging operations in the 1890s. Upon marriage, a couple usually went to live with the husband's family. Brother, last year at Chicago and St. Josephs the Big Knives destroyed all our corn. Ojibwe people from the 20th and 21st centuries should be listed under their specific tribes. Uncovering the Past of Ancient Puerto Rico: New Study Challenges The men and women grew corn, beans, onions, tobacco, pumpkin and squash. Termination of the Menominee Tribe led to a drastic decline in tribal employment, increased poverty, and brought about devastating reductions in basic services and health care. Creation- From the Ojibwa. 4.5 Ethnobotany. Get your first look at sample sketches of some of the exhibits in the Future Museum's Milwaukee Revealed gallery. This victory allowed them a "golden age" in which they ruled uncontested in southern Ontario. In 1667, the French began to trade for furs with the Menominee. The Great Lakes Cultural Camps is an experimental learning camp focused on land-based learning of Anishinaabek culture. All federal services ended with the assumption that the tribe could service itself. Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940. Relationships with elders were founded on the utmost respect. Brother, they did not allow our dead to rest. Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes of Michigan. The Ojibwe people, also known as Anishinaabeg or Chippewa, are among the most populous indigenous tribes in North America. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living ceremonies. For part of the year, their seasonal cycle kept them on the move as they cycled between different harvesting areas and processing points. Chippewas of the Sault. (This has since been developed as the present-day Duluth/Superior cities.) His boss, whom he admires, is waiting to meet with him about the big project. It also offers Anishinaabe language classes, educational videos, and authentic cultural pieces. They were sometimes referred to as "white" because of their fathers, regardless if their mothers were Ojibwe, as they had no official place in the Ojibwe society. The amount will be I do not tell a lie. 10 References. WebTHE BURIAL MOUND OF CHIEF SENACHWINE, POTAWATOMI. History of the Burial Hunting and fishing were also important. Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which they have learned to recognize and appropriate. The center features a collection of Native American artifacts such as spearheads, baskets, and deerskin clothing. THE SETTLER COMMERCIALIZED THE SITE FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME, BUT THE LAND WAS THEN SOLD TO THE WHEELER FAMILY. The Ojibwa stopped the Iroquois advance into their territory near Lake Superior in 1662. Their first new political-center was referred to as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at Baawiting (Sault Ste. Long before contact, they were closely aligned with Odawa and Potawatomi people in the Council of the Three Fires. They used a combination of thoughtful adaptation and factioning to stave off the incursions of Europeans. Contacts with other tribes were especially important to maintain productive trade relationships with other tribes, for instance to secure catlinite for pipes from the Sioux in Minnesota and dried corn and other crops from more agricultural tribes such as the Ho-Chunk. Many decades of fur trading with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the Great Lakes and the northern Great Plains. His name means early dawn or break of day and his brother Mucadapuckee or black partridge, was also a chief. They grew beans, squash, corn and potatoes and foraged for blueberries, blackberries, choke cherries, raspberries, gooseberries and huckleberries. WebPotawatomi: [noun] an Indian people of the lower peninsula of Michigan and adjoining states. They have themselves to blame. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The meaning of the name Ojibwe is not known; the most common explanations for the name derivations are: Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition aims to address the trauma created by the implementation of the Boarding School Policy that mandated indigenous peoples families to send their children to Indian Boarding Schools. All tribal property and assets were held by Menominee Enterprises, Incorporated. Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called aanikoobijigan. During the summer months, the people attend jiingotamog for the spiritual and niimi'idimaa for a social gathering (powwows) at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). With the federal government's sanction, the New York tribes negotiated two treaties with the Menominee and Ho-Chunk for lands in Wisconsin. There were also other leaders who were recognized as visionaries because of their dreams or who had gained respect through their reputation in war. The exonym for this Anishinaabe group is Ojibwe (plural: Ojibweg). Extra emphasis is placed on finding ones proper place in the world. Member Services [51] The gum is used for sores and a compound containing leaves is used as wash. The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, a branch of the Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation Service, recognizes some Native American Tribes. All Rights Reserved. Over the four days, food is also offered to the spirit. Whenever they get any of our people into their hands they cut them like meat into small pieces. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. The MIEC is a non-profit organization that advocates for Native American education in the state of Michigan and hosts conferences for people interested in tribal education issues. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, Little Traverse Bay Band of Ottawa Indians, Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians, Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan, Sault Ste. The Mishomis Book. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe people is, "What is your 'doodem'?" In the Sandy Lake Tragedy, several hundred Ojibwe died because of the federal government's failure to deliver fall annuity payments. Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojibwe&oldid=1149879658, Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022, Articles needing additional references from September 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, St. Croix-Namekagon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin, North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters, Dokis Band (Dokis's and Restoule's bands), northwest side of Lake Superior at the CanadaUS border, northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing, Chippewas of Lake Simcoe and Huron (Historical), Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Chippewa River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Removable St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, Lake Vermilion Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Little Forks Band of Rainy River Saulteaux, Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation, Pokegama Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa, St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians, Osnaburg House Band of Ojibway and Cree (Historical), Treaty of Peace with Sioux, Chippewa and Winnebago (1787), Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796), Treaty of Washington (1836)Swan Creek & Black River Bands. It provides educational opportunities that reflect Anishinaabe culture and the Seven Grandfather Teachings. We thought white people were Christians. Traditional spirit plates remember those who came before. The French called the Menominee Folles Avoines --"the wild oats people.". The battle took place along the Brule River (Bois Brl) in what is today northern Wisconsin and resulted in a decisive victory for the Ojibwe. Since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The six established doodem (clans) for people in the east, symbolized by animals. Joking relationships existed between brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, and between nieces, nephews, uncles, and aunts. Settlement Pattern, Social Organization, and Kinship, European Contact, the Fur Trade, and Change, Wisconsin Statewide Community Science Project, Modern Tribal Communities: Politics, Prosperity, and Problems, Nations in Wisconsin: Sovereignty and Treaty Rights. The Wabanowin are distinct society of visionaries. the Algonquian language of the Potawatomi, closely related to Ojibwe. Women also collected a wide variety of wild plant foods, including berries, nuts, roots, and wild greens. In 1990, the U.S. Census estimated the Native American Indian and Alaskan Native population to be about 1.9 million. According to Ojibwe oral history and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, the Ojibwe originated from the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River on the Atlantic coast of what is now Quebec. This was the beginning of the end of the Iroquois Confederacy as they were put on the defensive. However, like any ceremony, the practices vary, and individual families and communities may have different approaches. Ojibwe in Minnesota. While many traditionalists worked in the logging operations, others continued to hunt and fish. The new tribal legislature took over governance of the tribe in 1979. The tribes were able to retain small pockets of land in the territory.[23]. WebThe Potawatomi pushed back for larger payments and succeeded to some extent. [24] The traditional Native American diet was seasonally dependent on hunting, fishing and the foraging and farming of produce and grains. At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. The Menominee did not have direct contact with the Iroquois but, along with other tribes, they suffered starvation, disease, and intertribal warfare, thus reducing their population. Highly disrespectful actions against killed warriors spurred action. This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 00:54. Elders were the most powerful in terms of spirit. In 1970, a few Menominees banded together and created the Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Shareholders (DRUMS) group, which sought to end termination and restore the Menominee status as a federally recognized tribe. The Ojibwe signed treaties with settler leaders to surrender land for settlement in exchange for compensation, land reserves and guarantees of traditional rights. The Ojibwe have traditionally organized themselves into groups known as bands. See more. The Nokomis Cultural Heritage Center aims to preserve the history, culture, and language of the Great Lakes Anishinaabek culture. With these changes, the role of the clans decreased somewhat and individual families became more important within Menominee society. The indigenous people of the United States would fight for nearly two more centuries to have their dead honored. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009, Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask. Participation in Native American funeral services means understanding the principles that guide their spirituality. The agreement, between the tribes and William Hull, representing the Michigan Territory, gave the United States a portion of today's Southeastern Michigan and a section of Ohio near the Maumee River. Among these people are an enormous variety of beliefs and practices. Once preparations were complete, the body would be placed in an inflexed position with their knees towards their chest. And, while Native beliefs hold that death is not the end of life, sympathy is welcome to help ease the loss of the loved one. Personal items are often placed in the coffin. Brother, it is the Indian custom when engaged to be very angry, but when we. [48] They also combine the gum with bear grease and use it as an ointment for hair. National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition. Those behind us came up and did mischief. The Menominees retained strong ties to the French and fought alongside them during the French and Indian War. Web4.4 Funeral practices. In the winter months, the Menominee dispersed into small winter hunting camps to gather furs to trade for guns, knives, cloth, metal cooking utensils, and other European goods. The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}464115N 0921121W / 46.68750N 92.18917W / 46.68750; -92.18917) located in the Saint Louis River estuary at the western end of Lake Superior. Many students are surprised to learn that Chicago or Zhegagoynak in the Potawatomi language has an Indigenous history, not to mention present. Some representations of Native Americans erase their history, For 20 million felons, the punishment never stops, Early Western Travels 1748-1846, Volume XX. There are three main Anishinaabe nationsin Michigan: Ojibwe (Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa), and Bodewadomi (Potawatomi), which collectively form The Council of The Three Fires. His brother, Tecumseh, assembled a pan-Indian military force to fight the Americans. Having lost the war, the French gave up Canada and the Midwest to Great Britain in 1763. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas. The Eyaawing Museum promotes the history of the Grand Traverse Band of Anishinaabek. KBOCC is a higher education institute for the LAnse Indian Reservation. Honoring those who came before The centers exhibits tell the story of the indigenous people of the Great Lakes region and its collections containcontemporary objects that revitalize tribe traditions and teachings. In this work he describes how he became knowledgeable about both Native American and white cultural traditions and chronicles his struggles to achieve two years of higher education They ought to show us a better example. A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief, Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891, Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856, Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Jack-O-Pa (Zhaagobe/"Six"), a St. Croix Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America, Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857, Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin, Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899. They have themselves to blame. Sacred services are both personal and communal experiences meant to shape the individual. For this work, they used dugout and birchbark canoes, although dugouts were more common. The guide provides information about the thirteen moons of the Ojibwe, Cree, and Mohawk tribes. The use and trade of copper across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the Hopewell tradition. [38] They also use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic. In 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act was passed. Ojibwemowin is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. The Menominee sided with the French against the Fox during what are known as the Fox Wars. White-owned logging companies, known as the "Pine Ring," coveted rich reservation timber. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. Potawatomi These 15 major divisions developed into the following Ojibwe Bands and First Nations of today. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name Anishinaabe(-g). As mentioned above, they were known for their reliance on wild rice, and also fished intensively, especially for sturgeon. The roots of Symphyotrichum novae-angliae are smoked in pipes to attract game. Nature should be revered, not as simply evidence of a Creator, but sacred in itself. Ojibwe The bands, now living in different areas of the reservation and led by different individuals, also chose adaptations suited to the areas they occupied, such as farming or logging. Added to food offerings, tobacco is also offered as it is considered one of four sacred medicines traditionally used by Ojibwe communities. The modern dreamcatcher, adopted by the Pan-Indian Movement and New Age groups, originated in the Ojibwe "spider web charm",[31] a hoop with woven string or sinew meant to replicate a spider's web, used as a protective charm for infants. Marie). of laying a loved one to rest. Burial They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. [40] The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root Viola canadensis for pains near the bladder. [5][failed verification] Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. If the BigKnives, after they kill people of our color, leave them without hacking them to pieces, we will follow their example. ", Former Indian Boarding Schools in Michigan. Because creation is complex, diverse religious explanations can exist harmoniously within one group, yet can all be sacred. Brother, I have listened with a good deal of attention to the wish of our father. SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273379 (p. 346), Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 201, Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327525, page 374, Densmore, Frances 1928 Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians. The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of doodemag (clans; singular: doodem) named primarily for animals and birds totems (pronounced doodem). Brother, it is the Indian custom when engaged to be very angry, but when wetake prisoners to treat them kindly.. The Ojibwe language is Anishinaabemowin, a branch of the Algonquian language family. At the lowest level, the Great White Bear -- said to be the ancestor of the Menominee -- lived. [53] A decoction (tea) of powdered, dried Onoclea sensibilis root is used to stimulate milk flow in female patients. Between 1831 and 1832, the federal government negotiated three new treaties, which ceded about 3.5 million acres of Menominee land. Potawatomi Burial Ground Marker Inscription. Potawatomi Potawatomi Some specialized in hunting charms and love medicines, while others used the shaking-tent to divine cures for patients suffering from spiritual illness. The response allows the parties to establish social conduct by identifying as family, friends or enemies. The Native American Nations follow a thirteen moon lunar cycle. Anishinaabe traditional beliefs What I say is known to all the people present. By the early 1800s, Menominee villages existed along the Fox, Wolf, and Oconto Rivers, Lake Winnebago, Green Bay, and even as far west as the Wisconsin River. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or Saulteaux.