[57], In 1858, William Parker Foulke discovered the first known American dinosaur, in marl pits in the small town of Haddonfield, New Jersey. [288] Shocked quartz, indicative of a strong shockwave emanating from an impact, was also found worldwide. [75] Owen and Hooley subsequently described skin impressions of Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon in 1885 and 1917. Dinosaurs never existed : r/confidentlyincorrect - Reddit Certain fundamentalist Christians believe the Earth is ~5,000 years old so dinosaurs never existed (because they couldn't fit on the Ark) and the bones are actually from other, more familiar animals. Bollettino della Societ Paleontologica Italiana. This was followed by the TriassicJurassic extinction event (about 201million years ago), that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs, like aetosaurs, ornithosuchids, phytosaurs, and rauisuchians. [269][270][309], Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps eruptionsas opposed to the Chicxulub impactcaused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual. [95] Both specimens yielded collagen protein sequences that were viable for molecular phylogenetic analyses, which grouped them with birds as would be expected. [10] The first few lines of early dinosaurs diversified through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic, possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct. As clarified by British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given a presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word "dinosaur", nor recognize dinosaurs as a distinct group of reptiles in his address. [51][52], The study of these "great fossil lizards" soon became of great interest to European and American scientists, and in 1842 the English paleontologist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur", using it to refer to the "distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" that were then being recognized in England and around the world. [90][94] Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics), chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Any proper look at the facts will reveal that dinosaurs simply never existed. In 2021, the best preserved specimen of a dinosaur's cloacal vent exterior was described for Psittacosaurus, demonstrating lateral swellings similar to crocodylian musk glands used in social displays by both sexes and pigmented regions which could also reflect a signalling function. It is built on a fraudulent model to try and disprove the true creation history that was passed down from ancient texts. Gingerly on Twitter: "I was thinking I read a lot of right wing [67] These new localities also led to improvements in overall specimen quality, with new species being increasingly named not on scrappy fossils but on more complete skeletons, sometimes from multiple individuals. Cope's collection is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, while Marsh's is at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. [205][206], After non-avian dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic. "THE DINOSAURS NEVER EXISTED" - YouTube This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. [157] For example, Anchiornis huxleyi is currently the smallest non-avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen, with an estimated weight of 110g (3.9oz)[158] and a total skeletal length of 34 centimeters (1.12ft). [109][110][111] The Santa Maria Formation (radiometrically dated to be older, at 233.23million years old[112]) has produced the herrerasaurids Gnathovorax and Staurikosaurus, along with the sauropodomorphs Bagualosaurus, Buriolestes, Guaibasaurus, Macrocollum, Nhandumirim, Pampadromaeus, Saturnalia, and Unaysaurus. Regardless, dinosaurs existed alongside non-dinosaurian ornithodirans for a period of time, with estimates ranging from 510 million years[116] to 21 million years. [297][298] However, it would also have had longer-term consequences for the environment. Forget Extinct: The Brontosaurus Never Even Existed : NPR Who existed first dinosaurs or humans? - Answers [320] In 2020, Alfio Chiarenza and colleagues suggested that the Deccan Traps may even have had the opposite effect: they suggested that the long-term warming caused by its carbon dioxide emissions may have dampened the impact winter from the Chicxulub impact. Clockwise from top left: Apex of a deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the, Fourth trochanter asymmetrical, with distal, lower, margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft, Exoccipitals (bones at the back of the skull) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity, the inner space of the braincase, In the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the, Distinct proximodistally oriented (vertical) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia (the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone), Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile), "Dilophosaur-grade neotheropods" (larger kink-snouted dinosaurs), "Nexus of basal coelurosaurs" (used by Tweet to denote well-known taxa with unstable positions at the base of Coelurosauria), The arguments and many of the images are also presented in, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 14:21. Dinosaurs are another recreation of history to promote the big bang evolution teaching. As such, they have captured the popular imagination and become an enduring part of human culture. [30], Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. [313] Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. (Although fossils had been found before, their nature had not been correctly discerned.) They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the TriassicJurassic extinction event 201.3mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. [108][114] Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as the Anisian epoch of the Triassic, approximately 245million years ago, which is the age of Nyasasaurus from the Manda Formation of Tanzania. First, John Ostrom discovered the bird-like dromaeosaurid theropod Deinonychus and described it in 1969. A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. [287] Alvarez and colleagues proposed that a sudden increase in iridium levels, recorded around the world in rock deposits at the CretaceousPaleogene boundary, was direct evidence of the impact. One example is a site in Inner Mongolia that has yielded remains of over 20 Sinornithomimus, from one to seven years old. [290] Now, the bulk of the evidence suggests that a bolide .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}5 to 15 kilometers (3 to 9+12 miles) wide impacted the Yucatn Peninsula 66 million years ago, forming this crater[291] and creating a "kill mechanism" that triggered the extinction event. Better specimens also led to new species being invalidated less frequently. The heaviest and longest dinosaur may have been Maraapunisaurus, known only from a now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878. [140], The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs. [121] Gymnosperm plants (particularly conifers), a potential food source, radiated in the Late Triassic. Dinosaurs Never Existed! - The Greatest Deception In History.. [63][64][60][207], One of the greatest contributions to the modern understanding of dinosaur physiology has been paleohistology, the study of microscopic tissue structure in dinosaurs. However, this specimen on its own does not offer enough information to determine whether this dinosaur had sexual signalling functions; it only supports the possibility. [7][8] With the backing of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, Owen established the Natural History Museum, London, to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils and other biological and geological exhibits. [319] Meanwhile, detractors point out the sudden nature of the extinction and that other pulses in Deccan Traps activity of comparable magnitude did not appear to have caused extinctions. In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. [303][304] Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide would have been released by this volcanic activity,[305][306] resulting in climate change through temperature perturbations of roughly 3C (5.4F) but possibly as high as 7C (13F). Dinosaurs Never Existed - YouTube [231][232] In addition, many species regurgitate pellets,[233] and fossil pellets are known as early as the Jurassic from Anchiornis. What about all the Pictures of the Earth? Did all the dinosaurs live together, and at the same time? Evidence for true, vaned feathers similar to the flight feathers of modern birds has been found only in the theropod subgroup Maniraptora, which includes oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80000 to 100000kilograms (90 to 110short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110ft) long Diplodocus hallorum[142] (formerly Seismosaurus), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112ft) long Supersaurus,[149] and 37-meter (121ft) long Patagotitan; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59ft) tall Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. [49], Between 1815 and 1824, the Rev William Buckland, the first Reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a scientific journal. [117] Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. [244], Feathers are one of the most recognizable characteristics of modern birds, and a trait that was also shared by several non-avian dinosaurs. Afromimus. The React team investigates as conspiracists take to social media to dispel dinosaurs' existence Though the first dinosaurs appeared about 243 million years ago, they remain as prominent as ever today. Single-task at best. The Bible never says anything about dinosaurs. Early saurischians"lizard-hipped", from the Greek sauros () meaning "lizard" and ischion () meaning "hip joint"retained the hip structure of their ancestors, with a pubis bone directed cranially, or forward. Although known for large size, many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human-sized or smaller, and modern birds are generally small in size. Potato-of-All-Trades 2 yr. ago B r u h Ray-Misuto 2 yr. ago Images of Earth from Space are Fake Sep. 07, 2022. [99] Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial biofilms[100] have been rejected,[101] but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length. But as it turns out, it never really existed. Using fossil evidence, paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Othniel Charles Marsh described and named the first-known species, A. ajax, in 1877, and a second species, A. louisae, was discovered and named by William H. Holland in 1916. but the fact that "dragons" look exactly like a dinosaur there is actually an ancient site I . In 2000, Spencer Lucas and colleagues reported the discovery of a single hadrosaur right femur in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico, and described it as evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs. [317][318] They consider the Chicxulub impact to have worsened the ongoing climate change caused by the eruptions. Above the CretaceousPaleogene boundary, which has been dated to 66.038 0.025 million years ago,[269] fossils of non-avian dinosaurs disappear abruptly; the absence of dinosaur fossils was historically used to assign rocks to the ensuing Cenozoic. [13] Birds are classified as belonging to the subgroup Maniraptora, which are coelurosaurs, which are theropods, which are saurischians, which are dinosaurs. [245] Research into the genetics of American alligators has revealed that crocodylian scutes do possess feather-keratins during embryonic development, but these keratins are not expressed by the animals before hatching. Brontosaurus - Wikipedia Perhaps the best-known of these was his denial of the existence of dinosaurs. It Was a Dinosaur Tail", "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution", "Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument", "Recent advances in amniote palaeocolour reconstruction and a framework for future research", "Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds", "Countershading and Stripes in the Theropod Dinosaur, "3D Camouflage in an Ornithischian Dinosaur", "Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: a critical review", "Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy", "Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage", "Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur specimens", "Dinosaurian Soft Tissues Interpreted as Bacterial Biofilms", "Influence of Microbial Biofilms on the Preservation of Primary Soft Tissue in Fossil and Extant Archosaurs", "A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination", "Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions", "The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations", "A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina", American Association for the Advancement of Science, "The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins", "The oldest dinosaur? As a consequence, more sauropodomorphs were named between 1990 and 2020 than in all previous years combined. In birds, the larynx plays no role in sound production. [178] Reconstruction of the plumage color of Anchiornis, suggest the importance of color in visual communication in non-avian dinosaurs. [230] This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca. Adamantisaurus - This titanosaur was named 50 years after its discovery. The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic remained a prevalent view until Robert T. Bakker, an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968. This clip is taken from the Joe Rogan Experience podcast #862 with Trevor Valle (https://youtu.be/w0tG7a2nn8A), also available for download via iTunes & Stit. [134] Further details and other hypotheses of classification may be found on individual articles. [277] It remains uncertain whether the diversity of dinosaurs was in gradual decline before the K-Pg extinction event, or whether dinosaurs were actually thriving prior to the extinction. [159][160], Many modern birds are highly social, often found living in flocks. [18] Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade Ornithodira. [103][104] The oldest dinosaur fossils known from substantial remains date to the Carnian epoch of the Triassic period and have been found primarily in the Ischigualasto and Santa Maria Formations of Argentina, and the Pebbly Arkose Formation of Zimbabwe. [307] Like the Chicxulub impact, the eruptions may also have released sulfate aerosols, which would have caused acid rain and global cooling. [62] Several seminal studies led to this activity. [188] Superprecociality has been inferred for sauropods. [90], Concurrently, a line of work led by Mary Higby Schweitzer, Jack Horner, and colleagues reported various occurrences of preserved soft tissues and proteins within dinosaur bone fossils. Agilisaurus. [271][272][278] However, these comparisons did not account either for varying preservation potential between rock units or for different extents of exploration and excavation. That said, dinosaurs would have some advantages over mammal megafauna that would probably help them avoid being wiped out quite so easily. Aegyptosaurus - Try and guess which country this dinosaur was found in. A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in the Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of flowering plants. [108] The Pebbly Arkose Formation, which is of uncertain age but was likely comparable to the other two, has produced the sauropodomorph Mbiresaurus, along with an unnamed herrerasaurid. Various mineralized structures that likely represented red blood cells and collagen fibres had been found by Schweitzer and others in tyrannosaurid bones as early as 1991. [156] The smallest known non-avialan dinosaurs were about the size of pigeons and were those theropods most closely related to birds. [73] Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. Rock formations from the Maastrichtian epoch, which directly preceded the extinction, have been found to have lower diversity than the preceding Campanian epoch, which led to the prevailing view of a long-term decline in diversity. This was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. Many people believe that mammals never co-existed with dinosaurs and evolved after the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells. [60][61] At the end of the 1960s, however, the field of dinosaur research experienced a surge in activity that remains ongoing. Dinosaur denialism - RationalWiki There is general agreement that some behaviors that are common in birds, as well as in crocodiles (closest living relatives of birds), were also common among extinct dinosaur groups. [12], Birds are now recognized as being the sole surviving lineage of theropod dinosaurs. Thanks to half a dozen of my computer saavy supporters helping scour the internet archive, we have now found and can present Robbin Koefoed's article "The Dinosaurs Never Existed," from his deleted GVENews website. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. [122] The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic, where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians, megalosauroids, and allosauroids, and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. The large sizes of some dinosaurs, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as Jurassic Park. "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). [83] This has enabled multiple full-body reconstructions of dinosaur colouration, such as for Sinosauropteryx[84] and Psittacosaurus[85] by Jakob Vinther and colleagues, and similar techniques have also been extended to dinosaur fossils from other localities. [105], The Ischigualasto Formation (radiometrically dated at 231-230 million years old[106]) has produced the early saurischian Eoraptor, originally considered a member of the Herrerasauridae[107] but now considered to be an early sauropodomorph, along with the herrerasaurids Herrerasaurus and Sanjuansaurus, and the sauropodomorphs Chromogisaurus, Eodromaeus, and Panphagia.